IGARSS 2011 Vancouver Tomographic Profiling (TP) A Scheme for Vertical Backscatter Profiling of Biogeophysical Targets at Constant Incidence Angles Keith Morrison 1 & John Bennett 2 1 Department of Informatics & Systems Engineering, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, UK 2 Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, Sheffield University, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK

IGARSS 2011 Vancouver Tomographic Profiling Vertical backscatter profiles through biophysical and geophysical target volumes: - snow - ice - vegetation - forestry From a single pass, it provides: - retrieval of a set of images at different incidence angles - the incidence angle is constant at every point within an image PRESENTATION - Description of technique - Theory - Experimental examples

IGARSS 2011 Vancouver

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IGARSS 2011 Vancouver r1r1 rnrn Image region L D dx i p i L - D d dx P z

IGARSS 2011 Vancouver VsVs HsHs

i R θ syn r_res = c 2B x_res = Θ syn R = λR 2Dcosi

IGARSS 2011 Vancouver VsVs i r_res V x_res V V s = r_res V + x_res V HsHs

IGARSS 2011 Vancouver VsVs r_res V x_res V nadir

IGARSS 2011 Vancouver VsVs r_res V x_res V HsHs i

IGARSS 2011 Vancouver Across-Track Resolution

IGARSS 2011 Vancouver VtVt F V t = { R.(1-cosФ ½ ) + r_res.cosФ ½ ) }.cosi Ф = Ф.R

IGARSS 2011 Vancouver TP Resolution with Incidence Angle: Airborne F-SAR X-band (9.6GHz, B=800MHz) L-Band (1.33GHz,B=150MHz) H=3000m D=300m Ф = 5º V = argmax { V s (p), V t (p) } F = 260m

IGARSS 2011 Vancouver UAV L-band (1.33GHz,B=150MHz) H=300m D=100m Ф = 4º TP Resolution with Incidence Angle: UAV F = 20m

IGARSS 2011 Vancouver TP Resolution with Incidence Angle: UAV UAV X-band (9.6GHz,B=800MHz) H=300m D=100m Ф = 4º F = 20m

IGARSS 2011 Vancouver Experimental TP Application: Ground-Based GB-SAR System –Forestry –Snowpack

IGARSS 2011 Vancouver TP Imaging: Forest Canopy

IGARSS 2011 Vancouver

HH VV VH

IGARSS 2011 Vancouver TP Imaging: Snowpack

IGARSS 2011 Vancouver 42cm X-Band TP Image

IGARSS 2011 Vancouver TP Imaging: Laboratory

IGARSS 2011 Vancouver Ku-band (17GHz,B=4GHz) H=2m, D=0.10m, Ф = 10º

IGARSS 2011 Vancouver Summary New Imaging Scheme: Tomographic Profiling (TP) Provides vertical backscatter profiles through biophysical and geophysical target volumes: - snow - ice - vegetation - forestry From a single pass, it provides: - retrieval of a set of images at different incidence angles - the incidence angle is constant at every point within an image Provided experimental results from ground-based field and laboratory measurements Future work to see airborne demonstration

IGARSS 2011 Vancouver TP Imaging: Resolution C-band (5GHz,B=1.75GHz) H=2-9m, D=0.2m, Ф = 30º