Ingénierie des exigences et conception des systèmes d’aéronefs Dr Patrice MICOUIN MICOUIN Consulting LSIS, Arts et Métiers Paris’Tech,
Objectif Proposer un cadre de développement aussi cohérent et complet que possible qui permette de: satisfaire aux exigences des autorités de certification répondre à des standards tels que l’ARP 4754 intégrer les activités de développement et d’évaluation de la sûreté (safety assessment) contribuer à la définition d’une ingénierie des systèmes aéronautiques basée sur les modèles
Plan Une théorie des exigences bien formées basée sur le concept de propriété Le cadre de développement proposé par l’EIA 632 Les exigences de certification et l’EIA 632 Les exigences de sûreté et l’EIA 632 Discussion
Qu’est-ce qu’une exigence bien formée? Toward a property based requirements theory: System requirements structured as a semilattice INCOSE Journal of Systems Engineering, Volume 11, Issue 3 (August 2008) Expression de la forme: Ex: [When Condition =>] val (Object.Property) D When AC.Altitude [0ft,1000ft] val (Provide-AC-Vertical-Position.Accuracy) ≤25ft When Power_on val (Avionics.Provide-AC-Vertical-Position) =True When Take-Off val (Aircraft.Weight) < nT Opération de conjonction Ex=Ex1Ex2 Sat (Ex) =Sat (Ex1)∩Sat (Ex2) Relation d’ordre: “être plus contraignante que” Ex1 ≤ Ex2 Sat (Ex1) Sat (Ex2) Types d’exigence: Structurelle Comportementale Mixte Sources d’exigence: Certification Sûreté Maintenabilité ..
Specification & Exigences Rappelle un élément de connaissance Specification énonce une obligation ou une interdiction Plus ou moins implicite Enoncé épistemique Enoncé Déontique Attente Traduit en L’équipement doit être facile à réparer Exigence Le MTTR de l’équipement doit être inférieur à 30 minutes 25.1309 : b) Les systèmes de l'avion et les composants associés, considérés séparément et en relation avec d'autres systèmes, doivent être conçus de façon que : (1) L'apparition de toute condition de panne qui empêcherait la poursuite du vol en sécurité et l'atterrissage de l'avion, soit extrêmement improbable; et When In_Flight => Prob(AC_System_failed.severity=CAT) ≤10-9/fh AC25.1309 Analyse Elicitation Interprétation Traduction Attente Exigences
La structure d’un système selon l’EIA 632 A tree of building blocks
A la conception du système De la conception d’un building block Requirement Definition Acquirer Requirements Altitude L’avionique doit fournir l’altitude trace to Other Stakeholder Requirements System Technical Requirements trace to assigned to Solution Definition assigned to Logical Solution Representations Physical Solution Representations assigned to drive drive Source of Technical Derived Requirements assigned to DESIGN SOLUTION Specified by SPECIFIED REQUIREMENTS
Operations sur les exigences Generation (ex nihilo, traduction d’attentes) Derivation Validation des exigences (et hypothèses) Verification des réalisations vs exigences Modification & suppression (non traitées ici)
Dérivation d’exigences La dérivation d’exigence est une transformation qui remplace une exigence de niveau N par des exigences de niveau N+1 sous l’hypothèse que des choix de conception seront effectivement réalisés. Exemple Design Choice 1 : deux portions actives dissimilaires et indépendantes : primary et backup Ex1 : Val (S.DAL) = A DEx2 : Val (Primary.DAL) = A Système S Système S Portion Primary Portion Backup When Design Choice 1 => Ex1 ≤ DEx2 DEx3 Design pattern 5 du tableau 4 de l’ARP 4754 DEx3 : Val (Backup.DAL) = C
System Technical Requirements Exigences dérivées System Technical Requirements assigned to System Technical Requirements Are derived Assuming these logical and physical solution representations are implemented assigned to Logical Solution Representations Physical Solution Representations assigned to into Specified Requirements drive drive Source de Technical Derived Requirements assigned to DESIGN SOLUTION Specified by SPECIFIED REQUIREMENTS
Validation des exigences dérivées System Technical Requirements assigned to The specified requirements are validated (assuming that the logical and physical solution representations are implemented) assigned to If they are sufficiently complete and correct to replace the system technical requirements Logical Solution Representations Physical Solution Representations assigned to drive drive Source de Technical Derived Requirements assigned to Goal: Ensure that requirements are sufficiently complete and correct. Means : Expert judgments (engineers, pilots, ..) Analyses and simulation results In service experience Tests .. DESIGN SOLUTION Specified by SPECIFIED REQUIREMENTS
Vérification de la réalisation vs Exigences System Technical Requirements System verification System integrated assigned to assigned to Logical Solution Representations Physical Solution Representations assigned to Design verification System Integration drive drive Source de Technical Derived Requirements assigned to Goal: Ensure that requirements are correctly implemented by the system. Means : Tests Analyses results Expert judgments (engineers, pilots, ..) In service experience .. DESIGN SOLUTION Specified by Subsystem verification SPECIFIED REQUIREMENTS Subsystems
Les exigences de certification et EIA 632 Requirement Definition Acquirer Requirements trace to System Technical Requirements Certification Requirements trace to assigned to Solution Definition assigned to Logical Solution Representations Physical Solution Representations assigned to drive drive Source of Technical Derived Requirements assigned to DESIGN SOLUTION Specified by SPECIFIED REQUIREMENTS
Concevoir un building block “safe” Failure Conditions & Categorization Acquirer & Certification Requirements trace to Requirement Definition Upper level Safety Requirements System Technical Requirements trace to Technical Derived Requirements assigned to drive assigned to assigned to drive drive Logical Solution Representations Physical Solution Representations Safety Assessment Representations assigned to Solution Definition assigned to Source de DESIGN SOLUTION Specified by SPECIFIED REQUIREMENTS
Vérifier un building block “safe” Failure Conditions And Categorization Acquirer Requirements Requirement Definition trace to Upper level Safety Requirements System Technical Requirements System Safety Assessment Results System integrated trace to Technical Derived Requirements assigned to assigned to drive System integration assigned to assigned to drive drive Design verification Logical Solution Representations Physical Solution Representations Safety Assessment Representations assigned to assigned to Solution Definition Source de DESIGN SOLUTION Specified by Subsystem Safety Assessment Results & Data SPECIFIED REQUIREMENTS Subsystems
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