DROIT ET POUVOIR

New Rules of the Game : The World Banks Role in the Construction of New Normative Frameworks for States, Market and Social Exclusion

La continuité dans le changement : analyse des propositions de la BM quant à la redéfinition du rôle de létat

De la « bonne gouvernance » à la « crise de la gouvernance »… Approche traditionnelle de la BM –Modèle normatif libéral imposé de lextérieur –Priorité à lexportation –Promotion de l'entreprenariat privé –Retrait de lÉtat Raisons de léchec… –Réformes inadaptées et incompatibles avec les réalités du terrain –Incapacité des états à les mettre en oeuvre Conséquences –Non atteinte des objectifs de développement économique –Délégitimisation de lÉtat

Rapport sur le Développement dans le monde : 1997 –Les 5 propositions du Rapport Establishing foundation of law Maintaining a nondistortionary policy environment + macroeconomic stability Investing in basic social service and infrastructure Protecting vulnerable Protecting environment –Un modèle universel… applicable à tout environnement –Un modèle néanmoins idéologiquement orienté Conceptualisé depuis lextérieur État = instrument Priorité = recherche dun environnement macroéconomique stable

« Léquité » et la construction dun nouveau cadre normatif

L équité comme « instrument » Équité = gage de stabilité –Mesures de compensation qui assurent la pérennité : du système politique du cadre institutionnel de linfrastructure économique Priorité = développement économique –Léquité comme secondaire et conditionnelle : à la promotion du secteur privé dans léconomie à la capacité de létat à remplir ses fonctions économiques de base

Implications sociales et politiques « Intrusion » de la BM dans le domaine politique –Un modèle prétendument universel, développé depuis lextérieur et conditionnel à toute assistance financière Une conception managériale du rôle de létat –Létat en tant que garant des conditions nécessaires à lépanouissement et à la pérennité de léconomie de marché Marginalisation de certains des intérêts et objectifs nationaux spécifiques à chaque pays –Une approche fondamentalement orientée en fonction du développement économique –Ignore les dimensions sociales, culturelles et historiques des états concernés

Rights, Poverty and Development: NGOs and the depoliticisation of poverty Firoze Manji 28-Jun-98

Context: Universal Declaration of Human Rights - 50th anniversary "Born out of the triumph against genocide in Europe, the anniversary occurs in the aftermath of genocide in Africa..." "the rich get richer, the poor poorer" Mass human rights violations due to "ethnic" conflict focus shift to "sustainable" solutions for poverty What happened?

Modernization Universal access to health services and education Poverty as the main problem facing "developing countries" Political hegemony and the lack of accountability Development based on return, not need

The post-colonial state Existing "customary" structures or dominant tribes "Decentralized despotism" Structures rarely transformed, and no major shifts in the forms of production A top-down agenda U.S. relations with Burkina Faso are excellent. In addition to regional peace and stability, U.S. interests in Burkina Faso are to promote continued democratization and greater respect for human rights and to encourage sustainable economic development. U.S. exports to Burkina Faso include machinery, vehicles, aircraft, and rice. The top U.S. import from Burkina Faso is gold. Investment possibilities include Burkina Faso's mining and communications sectors.

Structural Adjustment Programmes "... [P]osition multilateral lending agencies where they could determine both the goals of development and the means for achieving them." The results: decline in real incomes of the majority strengthening of forces and alliances sympathetic to the continued hegemony of multilaterals and multinationals

Wait, haven't we seen this before? Genocide Reproduction of impoverishment Enabling the ruling class to continue to rule NGOs as part of the infrastructure of the political economy

Rights and Justice, or Charity and Technical Expertise? A "deep paternalism" Official support from central and local governments (NGOs beholden) Central actors in the process of development Rights become peripheral Cisco supports the creation and deployment of strategic technology-based solutions and enhanced education delivery models that accelerate learning and enable children (age 5-19) to master a baseline of educational knowledge in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM). Target beneficiaries are underserved populations transitioning from education to workforce, or re-entry to workforce.

Solidarity and rights No "neutral ground" in development Solidarity: Establishing co-operation between different constituencies based on mutual self respect and concerns about injustices Not legal rights? Mamdani: Dismantling the rural structures of power

Example: Bolivia Mother Earth: "...the dynamic living system formed by the indivisible community of all life systems and living beings whom are interrelated, interdependent, and complementary, which share a common destiny... " "collective subject of public interest The right of nature "to not be affected by mega- infrastructure and development projects that affect the balance of ecosystems and the local inhabitant communities".

Beyond Abyssal Thinking From Global Lines to Ecologies of Knowledge Boaventura de Sousa Santos

Abyssal or Western Thinking Regulation/Emancipation Appropriation/violence

Shocks to abyssal thinking 1)Independence and anticolonial struggles 2)Globalization -return of the colonial -return of the colonizer Result: Blurring of the lines, permeation of appropriation and violence and internal contradictions

Post-abyssal thinking: Ecology of knowledge Requirements: 1)Co-presence 2)Recognition of inexhaustible diversity 3)Revaluation and recognition of ignorance How to get there? Clinamen model of action The place of science, hierarchy and incommensurability

Questions 1)Est-il possible de modifier, daméliorer notre système en utilisant les mêmes outils normatifs tel le droit ou faudrait-il, comme le suggère de Sousa Santos, complètement changer de paradigme? 2) Is the rights based model such as the one illustrated by Bolivia a viable way to transform the dominant economic paradigm? 3) Croyez-vous en la possibilité de luniversalité dun cadre normatif, quel quil soit?