WHO Surgical Safety List SAFE SURGERY SAVES LIVES! Specialists Without Borders Seminar in Surgery Rwanda, September 2010 Auckland Enhanced Recovery After Surgery WHO Surgical Safety List SAFE SURGERY SAVES LIVES! Arman Adam Kahokehr BHB, MBChB, PGDipMS, PhD

Introduction Liste de vérification pour la sécurité en soin péri-opératoire Basée sur les normes de l’aviation (liste de vérification avant un vol) A safety checklist for perioperative care Based on Aviation standards (check lists prior to flight) This talk will be on the recently introduced surgical safety checklist introduced by the world health organisation to be implemented in all theatres across the globe. It is a relatively easy to implement and is nothing out of the ordinary. Surgery is often assimilated to the critical event of flying, and hence the checklist has been developed based on high aviation standards.

Why? Pourquoi? 234 million major operations are performed annually across the world (1 per 25 people) Unsafe surgical care can cause substantial harm Safe surgery is important To improve the safety of surgical care around the world 234 millions d’opérations majeures sont réalisées chaque années dans le monde (1 personne sur 25) Les soins chirurgicaux non- sécurisés peuvent causer une mobidité considérable La sécurité en chirurgie est très importante Pour améliorer la sécurité en soins chirurgicaux dans le monde entier This checklist has come about because of several reasons. Firstly a stagerring 234 million MAJOR operations are performed each year. When I read this figure I thought it included all procedures, but no, this is MAJOR surgery under anaesthesia. We all know that unsafe surgical care leads to substantial harm primarily to the patient, but there are many many others who are impacted. Dependants, family, health care professionals, hospital and ultimately hence this is a vitally important area to address.

Problem 164 million disability-adjusted life years are attributed to surgically treated conditions (11% of total). Death rate after major surgery is 0.4-0.8% and major complications 3-17% Half of all complications are avoidable!

How? The current checklist is based on a landmark study carried out by the SAFE SURGERY SAVES LIVES STUDY GROUP based at Harvard Medical school and published in the NEJM last year.

HOW? Seattle London Toronto Amman New Delhi Manila Ifakara Auckland Essentially EIGHT centres were selected across all continents with the exception of South America. Here in Africa, St. Francis Designated District Hospitalin Ifakara in TANZANIA Recruited patients as part of the PILOT study. So a diverse global population was being studied. The checklist in used at 3 critical junctures in care: Prior to anaesthesia induction, Prior to incision and Prior to patient leaving theatre. Ifakara Auckland

SIGN IN THE first aspect of the checklist is SIGN IN. This should be carried out prior to the patient anaesthetic induction. This should be performed with a theatre NURSE involved in the case and anaesthetist.

“SIGN IN” Before induction “SIGN IN” Avant induction This is the checklist.

“SIGN IN” Before induction “SIGN IN” Avant induction Patient has confirmed:  identity/site/procedure/consent   Site marked / not applicable  Anesthesia safety check completed  Pulse oximeter on patient and functioning?  Does patient have a: Known allergy?  No   Yes Difficult airway? Aspiration risk?  No  Yes and equipment/assistance available Risk of >500ml blood loss (7ml/kg in children) ?  No  Yes, and adequate intravenous access and fluids planned   Le patient a-t-il confirmé son identité, le site, l’intervention et son consentement ?   Le site de l’intervention est-il marqué ?   Le matériel et les produits d’anesthésie ont-ils été vérifiés ?   L’oxymètre de pouls est-il en place et en état de marche ?  Le patient présente-t-il : une allergie connue ?  Non   Oui un risque d’intubation difficile ou un risque d’inhalation ?  Non  Oui, et équipement/assistance disponibles un risque de perte sanguine >500ml (ou 7ml/kg en pédiatrie) ?  Non  Oui, et des liquides et deux voies IV ou centrales sont prévus 

TIME OUT The second step is a TIME OUT just prior to the surgical incision. All personnel in theatre (surgeons, anesthetist and nurses) will stop what they are doing and are involved in this step.

“Time out” Before incision “Time out” Avant incision  Confirm all team members have introduced themselves by name and role   Surgeon, anaesthetist and nurse verbally confirm • Patient  • Site  • Procedure Has antibiotic prophylaxis been given within the last 60 minutes?  Yes  Not applicable ANTICIPATED CRITICAL EVENTS Surgeon reviews:  What are the critical or unexpected steps ?  Operative duration? Anticipated blood loss Anaesthetist: Are there any specific patient concerns? Nursing team reviews:  Has sterility (including indicator results) been confirmed?  Are there equipment issues or any concerns? Is essential imaging displayed?  Yes  Not applicable  Confirmer que les membres de l’équipe se sont tous présentés en précisant leur(s) fonction(s)  Confirmer le nom du patient, l’intervention et le site de l’incision Une prophylaxie antibiotique a-t-elle été administrée au cours des 60 dernières minutes ?  Oui  Sans objet Anticipation d’évènements critiques Pour le chirurgien :  Quelles seront les étapes critiques ou inhabituelles ?  Quelle sera la durée de l’intervention ?  Quelle est la perte sanguine anticipée Pour l’anesthésiste :  Le patient présente-t-il un problème particulier Pour l’équipe infirmière :  La stérilité a-t-elle été confirmée (avec les résultats des indicateurs) ?  Y-a-t-il des dysfonctionnements matériels ou autres problèmes ? Les documents d’imagerie essentiels sont-ils disponibles en salle?  Oui  Sans objet

SIGN OUT The next step in to SIGN OUT before the patient has left theatre. No one leave until patient has left the operating room!

“SIGN OUT” before patient leave OR “SIGN OUT” avant que le patient ne quitte la salle d’operation “SIGN OUT” before patient leave OR

“SIGN OUT” before patient leave OR “SIGN OUT” avant que le patient ne quitte la salle d’operation NURSE VERBALLY CONFIRMS WITH THE TEAM:  The name of the procedure   That instrument, sponge and needle counts are correct (or not applicable)   How the specimen is labeled (including patient name)  Whether there are any equipment problems to be addressed  Surgeon, anaesthetist and nurses review the key concerns for recovery and management of this patient L’infirmier(ère) confirme oralement : Le type d’intervention Que le décompte final des instruments, des compresses et des aiguilles est correct Que les prélèvements sont bien étiquetés (lecture à haute voix des étiquettes, avec le nom du patient)  S’il y a des dysfonctionnements matériels à résoudre Pour le chirurgien, l’anesthésiste et l’infirmier(ère)  Quelles sont les principales préoccupations relatives au réveil et à la prise en charge postopératoire du patient ?

Vidéo de démonstration Demonstration Video Vidéo de démonstration

Before (n=3733) After (n = 3955) P Value Objective airway evaluation 64.0% 77.2% <0.001 Pulse oximeter use 93.6% 96.8% Prophylactic antibiotic given appropriately 56.1% 82.6% 2 IVLs when EBL>500mLs 58.1% 63.2% 0.32 Oral identification of patient identity and operative site 54.4% 92.3% Sponge count completed 84.6% 94.6% All six performed 34.2% 56.7%

Before (n=3733) After (n = 3955) P Value Surgical site infection 6.2% 3.2% <0.001 Unplanned return to OR 2.4% 1.8% 0.047 Death 1.5% 0.8% 0.003 Any complication 11.0% 7.0%

Clés pour la mise en application KEY TO IMPLEMENTATION Clés pour la mise en application Start small! (one operating room) Identify strategies to alter checklist to meet your needs Commencer avec une salle d’opération Identifier des stratégies afin de modifier la liste de vérification pour satisfaire vos besoins

Common Questions Questions Courantes Peut-on la modifier? Oui, des modifications pour une utilisation locale sont encouragées Qui doit s’en charger? Une seule personne, souvent l’infimière en salle d'opération Doit on la mémoriser? Non c’est pour cela qu’il y a une liste de vérifications Est-ce cher à mettre en application? Non, on peut la télécharger! C’est durable Ok to modify? Yes, modification for local use are encouraged Who is in charge? A single person often the circulating nurse, but can by anyone in theatre Should you memorise it? No, checklists are designed to prevent pitfalls in memory! Is it cheap to implement? Yes, it can be downloaded! It is sustainable

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