Research synthesis in anthropological demography: What, why and how? Dr Ernestina Coast.

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Transcription de la présentation:

Research synthesis in anthropological demography: What, why and how? Dr Ernestina Coast

Research synthesis What is known from what has been done? NOT What has been done? Qu'est connu de ce qui a été fait ? PAS Qu'a été fait ?

Many different types of research synthesis Systematic review Meta-ethnography (qualitative) Meta-analysis (quantitative) Revue systématique Méta-ethnographie (qualitative) Méta-analyse (quantitative)

What is research synthesis? A comprehensive review that looks for, and evaluates, existing research evidence. NOT Traditional literature review Une revue complète qui recherche, et évalue, évidence existante de recherches. PAS Revue traditionnelle de littérature

Characteristics Rigorous methods A scientific methodology Replicable / accountable / updateable Minimise bias and error Answer to focussed question(s) Méthodes rigoureuses Une méthodologie scientifique Reproductible/responsab le/updateable Réduire au minimum de biais et erreur Réponse aux questions focalisées

Why useful? Balanced inference on best available evidence NOT Description of everything on the subject Inférence équilibrée sur la meilleure évidence disponible PAS Description de tout sur le sujet

Quantitative systematic reviews Well-established Well-funded National and international collaborations Associated with RCTs Associated with intervention research i.e.: What works? A cornerstone of evidence-based practice and policy Bien-placé Collaborations nationaux et internationaux Lié à RCTs RCT = épreuves aléatoirement commandées Lié à la recherche d'intervention c.-à-d. : «Que fonctionne» ? Une pierre angulaire de la pratique et de la politique évidence- basées

Qualitative research as postscript insidious discrimination Via institutionalised quantitativism Booth (2001) Meta-ethnography Education Nursing Recherche qualitative comme post-scriptum « discrimination insidieuse » Via « quantitativism institutionalisé » Booth (2001) Méta-ethnographie Education Soins

Are qualitative research (data) appropriate for research synthesis? Unlikely to use RCT design Less likely to have been used as methodology for intervention research Where to search for evidence? qualitative research clearly has a role…but it is unclear how systematic reviews of qualitative research can contribute….. Peu susceptible d'employer la conception de RCT Moins probablement avoir été employé comme méthodologie pour la recherche d'intervention Où rechercher l'évidence ? « la recherche qualitative a clairement un rôle… mais elle est peu claire comment les examens systématiques de la recherche qualitative peuvent contribuer..... »

Fischer1884Dr Fischer's journey in the Masai Thomson1885Through Masailand Sheldon1892Adventures among the Masai and other tribes of east Africa Baumann1894Durch Maasailand zur Nilquelle Hinde1901The last of the Masai Hollis1905The Maasai Hollis1910A note on the Masai system of relationship and other matters connected therewith Merker1910Die Masai Shelford1910Notes on the Masai Sandford1919An administrative and political history of the Masai Reserve Leakey1930Some notes on the Masai of Kenya Colony Fox1930Further notes on the Masai of Kenya Colony Whithouse1933Masai social customs Fosbrooke1948An administrative survey of the Maasai social system Jacobs1965bA chronology of the pastoral Maasai Jacobs1965aThe traditional political organisation of the pastoral Maasai Koenig1965The Masai story Jacobs1970Maasai marriage and bridewealth Llewelyn-Davies1974Maasai women Ole Sankan1976The Maasai Berntsen1976The Maasai and their neighbours Kipuri1978Engagement and marriage among the Maasai Jacobs1979Maasai inter-tribal relations: belligerent herdsmen or peaceable pastoralists? Waller1979The Lords of Africa: the Maasai in the mid nineteenth century Llewellyn-Davies1981Women, warriors and patriarchs Galaty1983Ceremony and society: the poetics of Maasai ritual Kipuri1983Oral literature of the Maasai Llewelyn-Davies1984The women's olamal Arhem1985Pastoral man in the garden of Eden Ole Saitoti1986The worlds of a Maasai warrior Talle1987Women as heads of houses Talle1988Women at a loss Spencer1988The Maasai of Matapato Waller1988Emutai: crisis and response in Maasailand, Kipuri1989Maasai women in transition Kituyi1990Becoming Kenyans: socio-economic transformation of the pastoral Maasai Ole Saitoti1991Maasai Rigby1992Cattle, capitalism and class Llewelyn-Davies1993Memories and dreams Matampash1993The Maasai of Kenya Spear & Waller1993Being Maasai Oddie1994Enkop ai: my life with the Maasai von Mitzlaff1994Maasai women Ibrahim & Ibrahim1995Pastoralists in transition Helmut1995Nachocho Sicard1998A tale of a Maasai girl

5 steps revisited: qualitative evidence 1. Decide what question you are trying to answer 2. Identify a protocol What evidence are you prepared to include? 3. Find all of the relevant evidence Likely to involve lots of hand searching Language Qualitative research tends to be less well indexed than quantitative research 4. Appraise the quality of the evidence Different or same as for quantitative evidence? 5. Decide what the evidence means 1. Décider à quelle question vous essayez de répondre 2. Identifier un protocole Quelle évidence êtes-vous a préparé pour inclure ? 3. Trouver toute les évidence appropriée Impliquer probablement un bon nombre de recherche à la main Langue La recherche qualitative tend à être moins bonne classée que la recherche quantitative 4. Évaluer la qualité de l'évidence Différent ou mêmes que pour l'évidence quantitative ? 5. Décider ce que signifie l'évidence

Uniqueness of the ethnographic method is reflexivity Richness of insight: an emphasis on contradictory cases Existence of multiple views/ perspectives Alternative interpretations Potentially competing explanations L'unicité de la méthode ethnographique est reflexivity Richesse de la perspicacité : une emphase sur des cas contradictoires Existence des perspectives multiples Interprétations alternatives Explications potentiellement de concurrence

Research synthesis very limited in forms of evidence that are incorporated Need robust ways of incorporating qualitative evidence into research synthesis A more holistic view of what constitutes evidence Rechercher la synthèse très limitée sous les formes d'évidence qui sont incorporées Avoir besoin des manières robustes d'incorporer l'évidence qualitative dans la synthèse de recherches Une vue plus holistique de ce qui constitue la « évidence »

Alternatively…. Policy issues not the business of academic researchers Try writing that on a funding proposal…… Role of an academic researcher is not to seek common ground Post-modernity Absolute evidence does not exist Questions de politique pas les affaires des chercheurs d'universitaire Essayer d'écrire cela sur une proposition de placement Le rôle d'un chercheur d'universitaire n'est pas de chercher la terre commune Post-moderne L'évidence absolue n'existe pas

Meta-ethnography a sign of methodological maturity? Not a call for uncritical translation of quantitative research synthesis approaches Stand-alone or integrated Quantitative supremacy? Méta-ethnographie un signe de maturité méthodologique ? Pas un appel pour la traduction non critique de la synthèse quantitative de recherches s'approche. Autonome ou intégré Suprématie quantitative ?