INDUSTRIELLE

RADIOGRAPHIE INDUSTRIELLE

Industriel Radiographie Industrial Radiography x-ray units are typically constant potential units with beryllium windows to permit x-rays of all energies to emerge (even very low energy x-rays). After all, we are not concerned about the “skin” dose to the object. For Diagnostic Radiology on people, we would use approximately 2.5 mm of aluminum filtration to eliminate the lowest energy x-rays which deliver a skin dose to the patient but, due to their inability to penetrate, provide no useful information on the film behind the patient. Industrial radiography units typically operate between 10 and 300 kVp and 0-10 mA with virtually unlimited exposure times. The tubes are usually water cooled to dissipate the extreme heat produced by the electrons striking the target.

Caméra de radiographie et équipement associé Ensemble de verrouillage Source Guide Tube Manivelle Connecteur Fin d'arrêt Etuis de contrôle

Source de radiographie

Caméra de radiographie Industrie Nucléaire Co. Model IR-100 Production Source & Equipement Co. Model SPEC-150

Caméra de radiographie AEA Model 680/741 AEA Model 741

Pipelinier Tourner la poignée pour exposer la source Rayonnement Ressort en bas

Dispositifs d'inspection interne (Crawler)

Changeurs de sources L’ ancien entre Le nouveau Sort

Unité de radiographie à rayon X Machine Industrielle à rayon X monté à l'intérieur d'un PRI

Radiographie industrielle dans un atelier ou dans un chantier Radiographie industrielle de canalisation en utilisant d'Iridium-192

IRRADIATEURS

Irradiateurs UTILISATIONS: Stérilisation (fournitures médicales) Préservation (alimentaire) Effets des radiations (recherche biologique) Synthèse chimique (recherche chimique)

Irradiateurs Non irradié Irradié

Irradiateurs

irradiateurs à grande échelle

Accidents liés aux irradiateurs

DIAGRAPHIE DE PUITS

Diagraphie de puits UTILISATIONS: Exploration pétrolière Etudes sur le terrain TYPES: Diagraphie Gamma Diagraphie Gamma-Gamma Diagraphie Neutronique Etudes des traceurs Diagraphie pendant le forage

Exploration pétrolière This is an operational oil drilling rig which was used as a field site visit for NRC students attending a training course dealing with well logging activities.

Forage de puits de pétrole

Sources de Diagraphie

JAUGES

Jauges UTILISATIONS: Contrôle des procédés (fixe) Revêtement des routes (portable)  

Jauges Fixes Jauges de niveau Jauge de densité (épaisseur)

Jauges Fixes Industrie du papier: épaisseur mesures

Jauges Fixes Industrie des boissons: Niveau de remplissage

Jauge Portable Travaux routiers Mesure : au fur et à mesure

PRODUITS DIVERS

Produits Divers Tritium devices

Produits Divers Polonium-210 and others

Produits Divers Pacemaker (Pu), chemical agent detector (Am or Ni), DU projectile

ALIMENTATION ET AGRICULTURE

Alimentation et agriculture Un milliard de personnes se couchent tous les soirs et des dizaines de milliers de personnes meurent chaque jour de faim a des causes liés à la faim. Les radioisotopes et les rayonnements utilisés dans les aliments et l'agriculture contribuent à réduire ces chiffres tragiques. Engrais Lutte contre les insectes Conservation des aliments Variabilité génétique Ressources en eau Development agencies and experts tell us that one billion people, (one out of every five of us), go to bed hungry every night and that tens of thousands die daily from hunger and hunger related causes.

Alimentation et agriculture Engrais «Marqué» par un isotope radioactif, comme 15N et 32P, fourni un moyen pour savoir combien est pris par la plante et combien est perdu Fertilisers: Fertilisers are expensive and if not properly used can damage the environment. Efficient use of fertilisers is therefore of concern to both developing and developed countries. It is important that as much of the fertiliser as possible finds its way into plants and that the minimum is lost to the environment. Fertilisers 'labelled' with a radioactive isotope, such as nitrogen‑15 and phosphorus‑32 provide a means of finding out how much is taken up by the plant and how much is lost.

Alimentation et agriculture Lutte contre les insectes La technique de l'insecte stérile (TIS) consiste à irradier des insectes mâles élevés en laboratoire avant l'éclosion pour les stériliser avant de les relâcher en grand nombre dans les zones infestées. Quand ils s'accouplent avec des femelles, pas de descendance sont produites. Avec les rejets répétés de mâles stérilisés, la population de l'insecte nuisible dans une zone donnée est considérablement réduit. Insect Control: Crop losses caused by insects may amount to more than 10% of the total harvest worldwide, in some developing countries the figure can be as high as 30%. Stock losses due to tsetse in Africa and screwworm in Mexico have also been sizeable. Chemical insecticides have for many years been our main weapon in trying to reduce these losses, but they have not always been effective. Some insects have become resistant to the chemicals used and some insecticides leave poisonous residues on the crops. One solution has been the use of sterile insects. The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) consists of irradiating laboratory‑reared male insects before hatching, to sterilise them. The sterilised males are then released in large numbers in the infested areas. When they mate with females, no offspring are produced. With repeated releases of sterilised males, the population of the insect pest in a given area is drastically reduced. The biggest SIT operations so far have been conducted in Mexico against the Medfly (Mediterranean fruit fly) and the screwworm. In 1981 the Medfly operation was declared a complete success, and by 1991 the screwworm eradication had yielded some US$3 billion in benefits to the economy. The Mexican plants and equipment were then applied to infestations in Libya and Central America. With the support of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Governments concerned, SIT programmes are under way in several countries.

Alimentation et agriculture Variabilité génétique Le rayonnement ionisant est utilisé dans l'amélioration des plantes pour produire de nouvelles  lignées génétiques. Quelques exemples ont été sorgho, l'ail, le blé, les bananes, les haricots, l'avocat et les poivrons. Les nouvelles lignes sont plus résistantes aux parasites et plus adaptable aux conditions climatiques difficiles. Increasing Genetic Variability: Ionising radiation in plant breeding has been used for several decades to produce new genetic lines of sorghum, garlic, wheat, bananas, beans, avocado and peppers, all of which are more resistant to pests and more adaptable to harsh climatic conditions.

Alimentation et agriculture Conservation des aliments 25-30% des aliments perdus en raison de la détérioration et des parasites La technologie de l'irradiation peut être utilisée pour conserver les aliments Près de 40 pays ont approuvé l'irradiation des aliments (épices, céréales, produits céréaliers, fruits, légumes et la viande) FOOD PRESERVATION Some 25‑30% of the food harvested is lost as a result of spoilage by microbes and pests. The reduction of spoilage due to infestation and contamination is of the utmost importance. This is especially so in countries which have hot and humid climates and where an extension of the shelf life of certain foods, even by a few days, is often enough to save them from spoiling before they can be consumed. In all parts of the world there is growing use of irradiation technology to preserve food. In almost 40 countries health and safety authorities have approved irradiation of many kinds of food, ranging from spices, grains and grain products to fruit, vegetables and meat.

Alimentation et agriculture Conservation des aliments Astronautes mangent des aliments conservés par irradiation Norme internationale adoptée en 1983 Préoccupations au sujet des maladies d'origine alimentaire et le commerce international des denrées alimentaires Radiation également utilisé pour stériliser les emballages alimentaires (boîtes de lait) On their trips into space, astronauts eat foods preserved by irradiation. Following three decades of testing, a worldwide standard was adopted in 1983 by a joint committee of the World Health Organisation (WHO), FAO and IAEA. As well as reducing spoilage after harvesting, increased use of food irradiation is driven by concerns about food‑borne diseases as well as growing international trade in foodstuffs which must meet stringent standards of quality. Radiation is also used to sterilise food packaging. In the Netherlands, for example, milk cartons are freed from bacteria by irradiation.

Alimentation et agriculture Ressources en eau Traceurs liquides radioactifs injectés dans l'approvisionnement en eau Souterrain - tracer et mesurer l'étendue des eaux souterraines, fournir des informations sur l'origine, l'âge et la distribution et les interconnexions entre sol / eau de surface et les systèmes de renouvellement Surface - évaluer les fuites à travers les barrages, la dynamique des lacs et réservoirs, les débits, les mesures de débit de la rivière, les taux de sédimentation WATER RESOURCES An adequate water supply is essential for life. Yet in many parts of the world water has always been scarce and in others it is becoming scarcer. Isotopic techniques are often of great help to trace and measure the extent of underground water resources. Such techniques provide important analytical tools in the management and husbanding of existing supplies of water and in the identification of new, renewable sources of water. They provide answers to questions about origin, age and distribution, the interconnections between ground and surface water and renewal systems. The results permit informed recommendations for the planning and management of the sustainable use of these water resources. For surface waters they can give information about leakages through dams, the dynamics of lakes and reservoirs, flow rates and river discharge measurements and sedimentation rates. From Afghanistan to Zaire there are few countries, developed or developing, that have not used isotope techniques to investigate their water resources.

Où trouver plus d'informations Cember, H., Johnson, T. E, Introduction to Health Physics, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York (2009) Agence Internationale de l‘Energie Atomique,Cours d’études supérieures sur la radioprotection et la sûreté des sources de rayonnements , Collection cours de formation n° 18/F, AIEA,Vienna (2002)