Language and languages A8633 C. Tardieu. I- From linguistics to sociolinguistics - Labov - Bourdieu - Blommaert II- Regional or minority languages - historical.

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Language and languages A8633 C. Tardieu

I- From linguistics to sociolinguistics - Labov - Bourdieu - Blommaert II- Regional or minority languages - historical and institutional aspects III- Precocious language learning

« Plutôt ne pas apprendre que dapprendre ce qui me transformera en un autre que je ne veux pas être parce que, en vérité, je ne peux plus lêtre, un autre même que je déteste, un « bouffon » comme on dit dans les banlieues aujourdhui » (Chevallard, Y. in Aden, 2007 : 30).

Labovs contribution Main cause of phonetic variation: social variations. Still governed by rules which are very similar to the rules of grammatical derivation (inkeeping with Chomskys generative grammar) Possible cause of school failure: the conscious or unconscious refusa of the legitimate norm.

Pierre Bourdieu ( ) 59 Accepter le modèle saussurien et ses présupposés, cest traiter le monde social comme un univers déchanges symboliques et réduire laction à un acte de communication qui, comme la parole saussurienne, est destinée à être déchiffré au moyen dun chiffre ou dun code, langue ou culture. (…) on doit se garder doublier que les rapports de communication par excellence que sont les échanges linguistiques sont aussi des rapports de pouvoir symbolique où sactualisent les rapports de force entre les locuteurs ou leurs groupes respectifs. Bref, il faut dépasser lalternative ordinaire entre léconomisme et le culturalisme, pour tenter délaborer une économie des échanges symboliques. (…) Bourdieu

Bourdieu (ctd) 61 Ce qui circule sur le marché linguistique, ce nest pas « la langue », mais des discours stylistiquement caractérisés, à la fois du côté de la production, dans la mesure où chaque locuteur se fait un idiolecte avec la langue commune, et du côté de la réception, dans la mesure où chaque récepteur contribue à produire le message quil perçoit et apprécie en y important tout ce qui fait son expérience singulière et collective. (Bourdieu)

Integrated meaning relates to value – to truth, beauty and so forth – and requires a responsive understanding, one that includes evaluation (Bakhtin 1986: 125)

Georges Davy, Elements de sociologie, Paris, Vrin, 1950, p. 233 : « Il (linstituteur) agit quotidiennement de par sa fonction sur la faculté dexpression de toute idée et de toute émotion : sur le langage. En apprenant aux enfants, qui ne le connaissent que bien confusément ou qui parlent même des dialectes ou des patois divers, la même langue, une, claire et fixée, il les incline déjà tout naturellement à voir et à sentir les choses de la même façon ; et il travaille à édifier la conscience commune de la nation. » « Fabriquer les similitudes doù résulte la communauté de conscience qui est le ciment de la nation. »

Bourdieus contribution He pointed at the sociological dimension of language and languages He pointed at the « symbolic violence » of the dominant language on the dominated one.

Blommaert Jan Blommaert : a sociolinguist teaching at Tilburg University (Netherlands) Blommaert, J.M.E. (2010). Review of the book Language and social relations, A. Agha, 2007, Discourse and society, 21(5), BLOMMAERT Jan, Discourse, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2004.

Hofstede " Culture is more often a source of conflict than of synergy. Cultural differences are a nuisance at best and often a disaster." Prof. Geert Hofstede, Emeritus Professor, Maastricht University.

Blommaert Blommaerts criticism of Hofstedes cultural taxonomy Text and voice: 38 First the elements related to voice and gesture were discarded as redundant; later the characteristics of handwriting were similarly set aside. The result has been a progressive dematerialisation, or refinement, of texts, a process in which the appeal of the original to our various senses has been purged away. A text needs to exist in physical form in order to survive; but its identity is not uniquely bound up in that physical form, nor in any one copy. All this seems self-evident to us today, but it is not at all. Take for example the deci[ai]sive role of the voice in oral literature, or of calligraphy in chinese poetry, and it becomes clear that this very notion of a text is itself the result of a cultural choice whose significance is incalculable. (Ginzburg 1980: 16 quoted by Blommaert 2005: 38). Criticism of a monolithic vision of culture

Blommaert (ctd) Intercultural communication is before anything else an instance of interpersonal communication and can be described as such. And: Culture becomes context-and situation-dependent, it is not seen as an a- priori influence upon communication. (2005: 13-14)

Read from p.42 to 44 down to book and explain what contextualisation means and why Blommaert says that contextualisation is dialogical Read from p. 44 to 45 and say what dialogue is not Grices maxims

Read on p. 46 down to in the book Can you explain what recontextualisation is about and Erving Goffmans concept of frames? p up to interpretations What does intertextuality mean? p down to political What does entextualisation mean?

Conclusion Pedagogical impact Uptake: expected/unexpected uptake Uptake: what makes the input meaningful or not and thus conditions the intake Dialogue –the possibility for the students to be unwilling to co- operate –the fact that they may not share lots of common ground between them or with the teacher –the frequent inequality of the teacher-pupil relationship.

The notion of contextualisation universes and of recontextualisation –Pedagogical discourse (instructions, guidance) for teaching and learning purposes, –Classroom English (for communicative purposes), –Studentss discourse (artificial use of the L2; forbidden or authorized use of the L1) –Teachers discourse (using L1 or L2) –Language assistants discourse –…