Etude des Surfaces et Interface Continentales ORCHIDEE: (IPSL) LSCE: (MOSAIC, MERMAID, …) Etude des Surfaces et Interface Continentales ORCHIDEE: (IPSL) Modèle des surfaces continentales Outil Thématiques / Objectifs Modèle mécaniste des bilans d’Energie, d’Eau et de Carbone dans le continuum sol-plante-atmosphère Compréhension et modélisation des processus (Photosynthèse, respiration, evapotranspiration, ..) contrôlant bilans matière & énergie (W, C, N, P,…) Assimilation de données (spatiales & in-situ) 11 permanents directement impliqués (4 CNRS) ≈ 20-25 CDD Etudes d’impacts et relations surface <-> changements globaux

ORCHIDEE : Recent and advanced features

ORCHIDEE: A wide range of applications From point scale studies (i.e. process study at FluxNet sites) To global coupled land – atmosphere simulations IPSL Earth System Model

A new forest structure and management ORCHIDEE ORCHIDEE-CAN Accounts for diameter & age classes Recent improvement Self-thinning Allocation : “big get bigger” light Densité (nb/ha) Croissance Depth in the canopy Total volume (m3/ha) Circonférence PGAP = probability of a gap in the canopy (crown and leaf levels) Lambert-Beer law (S. Luyssaert,N. Viovy, P. Ciais, …)

ORCHIDEE : Impact of forest management and age effect on the net European carbon sink after biomass assimilation Use of ORCHIDEE + FM + age classes ; “Assimilation” of biomass data to estimate forest mean age  C balance Lidar / Radar Height/ Biomass Simulation ORCHIDEE ORCHIDEE-FM+âge Inventaires Etudes sur sites Mesures de flux  Ongoing work for the whole N. Hemisphere and at « site scale » (REDD+)  attribute forest sink : CO2 / Climate / Management ?

ORCHIDEE-CAN: New vertical canopy discretization Evaluation over Europe against data oriented products RMSE for a set of regions / seasons  Impact of Forest management on European Climate with LMDZ –ORC on-going.. Naudts et al. 2014

Agricultural ecosystems (crops & grass) Motivations Land management is crucial Very specific phenological seasonal cycle Tools ORCHIDEE-CROP (Xiuchen Wu, Xuhui Wang) ORCHIDEE-GM (Jinfeng Chang) Application: NPP  Sustainable animal density : Mean NPP over European grassland Change Annimal stocks : 2100 - 2000 Working group: N. Viovy, N. Vuichard, P. Ciais, N. DeNoblet

Photosynthesis : spatial & temporal variations ?  Use fluorescence to better constrain Gross Primary Production (GPP) Solar induce fluorescence (SIF) (Principle at leaf level) Correlation (SIF, ORCHIDEE-GPP)=0.8 (F. Maignan) Tree ring modelling (width, 13C and 18O composition) Fontainebleau site proxi to evaluate model photosynthesis (water Stress) and C allocation Ongoing effort with ORCHIDEE (P. Peylin) Obs Model 1976 drought

Nitrogen cycle (N. Vuichard, N. Viovy) CO2 emissions (10 yr running mean)  Impact of the N cycle on Carbon Fluxes ? (first estimate with OCN model)  Ongoing effort including the Phosphorus cycle: N and P co-limitations ? (P. Ciais)

High latitude processes Catherine O., Philippe C., Sushi P., Tao W., Arsène D, Dan Z., Sarah D., and many collaborators.. Snow medeling (Tao Wang) Soil freezing (I. Gouttevin) Artic vegetation modeling (ArsènDreel Dan Zhu) Soil C decomposition (permafrost) (Sushi Peng, Tao Wang,…) Thermokarst (Sushi Peng) Boreal Fires (Yue Chao)

A new snow multi-layer scheme  To improve soil temp, river discharge, vegetation phenology,… modeling Col de porte station

Evaluation at high latitudes: soil moisture Obs : ESA – CCI summer soil moisture (1978-2010); 0.25° 11-layer hydrology + soil freezing + new snow description Obs New ORC Normalized Surface soil moisture Old ORC Obs Old ORC New ORC Need to re-evaluate with continued model developments… Some things have improved but still some differences at lower latitudes… Dantec-Nédélec et al. (2014)

Representation of soil carbon Permafrost Soil Temperature  New model of soil carbon decomposition including heat release from microbial activity

A new soil carbon module B. Guenet Discretized soil carbon new pools introduced (DOC) New decomposition scheme (priming)

Optimisation des paramètres ORCHIDEE Modèles biosphère continentale Observations (Flux Eau / Carbone incertains) In-situ: FluxNet Satellite: NDVI (P. Peylin C. Ottle) C flux to atmosphere (GtC/yr) Optimisation bayésienne Impact sur les simulations climatiques futures Optimisation des flux net de Carbone (FluxNet sites) Obs prior posterior

Collaborations & Projets Nationales (LGGE, METIS, LMD, LOCEAN, CESBIO, GET, INRA-Bordeaux/ORLEAN, IEES, CNRM, Geologie ENS, LECA, CEFE, ...) Internationales (U. Pekin, U. Antwerp, MPI-JENA, U. Montana, U. Exeter, …) Projets scientifiques Europeens: EMBRACE, P_IMBALANCE, CRECENDO, ERACLIM2, LUC4C, PAGE21, CARBONES,… ESA / CNES: ECVlcover, ECVfire, BIOMASS ANR: DEDYCAS, SECPRIME, CLASSIQUE, AMETHYST, NETGRASS,.. KIC climat: FOREST, Bourses thèse Projets généraux Labélisation nationale de l’outil « ORCHIDEE » ? Pérenniser le support en ingénierie Meilleur positionnement des candidats chercheurs entre S30 et S19