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EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Definition)

7 EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Scale) 38

39 EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Scale) 41 42

6 5 Pfiesteria EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Scale)

EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Diet Breadth) Microtus agrestis (Field Vole) 47 Clethrionyms glareolus (Bank Vole) 48 Ondatra zibethica (Muskrat) M. rossiaemeridionalis) (Sibling Vole) Vulpes vulpes (Red Fox) (Finland) SUMMER WINTER

EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Diet Breadth) Fig in Cain et al. 2008

EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Diet Breadth) Snail Kite (Florida Everglades)

EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Defenses)

57 EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Defenses) 58

EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Defenses) 51

COEVOLUTION Evolution of two interacting species, each in response to selection imposed by the other

EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Definition)

60 EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Scale)

4 EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Scale) 64 94

65 EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Scale)

EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Diet Breadth) Fig in Cain et al. 2008

EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Diet Breadth) 1 66

EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Food Quality) Fig in Cain et al. 2008

EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Plant Defenses)

74 73 EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Plant Defenses) 97

EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Plant Defenses)

75 76 EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Plant Adaptation)

EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Herbivore Adaptations: Rumen) 77

78 79 EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Herbivore Adaptations: Rumen Flora)

78 EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Herbivore Adaptations) (Parabasalid)

COEVOLUTION Evolution of two interacting species, each in response to selection imposed by the other 74 73

2 35 EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Scale: Macroparasites) 79

EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Scale: Microparasites) Wheat Rust (Puccinia)

EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Scale: Microparasites) 80 Fly-Killing Fungus (Entomophthora) Fig in Cain et al. 2008

EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Ectoparasites)

EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Endoparasites: Animals) (Canine Tapeworm) 86

EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Endoparasites: Plants) Peach Leaf CurlApple Scab

EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Hemiparasites) 91

EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Prevalence) Fig in Cain et al. 2008

EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Prevalence) Fig in Cain et al. 2008

92 EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Host Defense) Immune System (Animals)

EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Host Defense) Fig in Cain et al. 2008

EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Host Defense) Fig in Cain et al. 2008

EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Parasite Counterdefense)

COEVOLUTION Evolution of two interacting species, each in response to selection imposed by the other

8 9 EXPLOITATION: PARASITOIDISM

EXPLOITATION: DISEASE

EXPLOITATION: DISEASE

Fig in Molles 2006 Mustard (Arabis holboelii); Rust (Puccinia holboelii) EXPLOITATION: DISEASE “Pseudoflowers”

EXPLOITATION Predation Herbivory Parasitism *Parasitoid *Disease / Pathogens

25 Million Species on Earth 33

Isopod 17 Starling Spiny-Headed Worm EXPLOITATION? MUTUALISM? (Endoparasites: Animals)

Fig in Molles 2006 EXPLOITATION: (?)

36 37 Effect of Exploitation on Prey Abundance

26 Grazing Caddisfly 27 Grazing Caddisfly Case Caddisfly Adult

Fig in Molles 2006 Effect of Exploitation on Prey Abundance Surface Devoid of Bacteria, Algae Surface Coated with Bacteria, Algae Culprit?

Fig in Molles 2006 Effect of Exploitation on Prey Abundance Experimental Design

Effect of Exploitation on Prey Abundance Experimental Results

Figs. 14.8, 14.9 in Molles 2006 Effect of Exploitation on Prey Abundance Caddisfly AbundanceAlgal Abundance

21 Effect of Exploitation on Prey Abundance

Iowa Whitetail Deer Population 22 Effect of Exploitation on Prey Abundance

20 Effect of Exploitation on Prey Abundance

23 Effect of Exploitation on Prey Abundance

22 Effect of Exploitation on Prey Abundance

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