ERC ICE&LASERS – ANR SUBGLACIOR ERC : Jérôme Chappellaz LGGE (CNRS, UJF) 54 rue Molière – BP 96 38400 St Martin d’Hères - France

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ERC ICE&LASERS – ANR SUBGLACIOR ERC : Jérôme Chappellaz LGGE (CNRS, UJF) 54 rue Molière – BP St Martin d’Hères - France ANR : Olivier Alemany LGGE (CNRS, UJF) 54 rue Molière – BP St Martin d’Hères - France Jérôme Chappellaz, Olivier Alemany, Jack Triest and the SUBGLACIOR team Insights on the mid-Pleistocene climatic transition : the concept and design of a revolutionary probe called SUBGLACIOR CUHK Scientific Seminar, 4th December 2015

ERC ICE&LASERS – ANR SUBGLACIOR ERC : Jérôme Chappellaz LGGE (CNRS, UJF) 54 rue Molière – BP St Martin d’Hères - France ANR : Olivier Alemany LGGE (CNRS, UJF) 54 rue Molière – BP St Martin d’Hères - France Climate archives in climate science  Extend the history of forcings and climate  Access to slow feedbacks of the system (cryosphere, carbon cycle, ocean circulation…)  Test of climate models under different conditions Climate archives ? Anomalies of the indicator « mean global temperature » (°C) Feedbacks ? Natural variability ? Threshold effects ? Climate modelling ? GISSTEMP, 2015

ERC ICE&LASERS – ANR SUBGLACIOR ERC : Jérôme Chappellaz LGGE (CNRS, UJF) 54 rue Molière – BP St Martin d’Hères - France ANR : Olivier Alemany LGGE (CNRS, UJF) 54 rue Molière – BP St Martin d’Hères - France Temperature (isotopes of H 2 O) Accumulation (stratigraphy, 10 Be) Aerosols of natural origin : –Marine (Cl -, Na +, SO 4 =, MSA,...) –Continental (dust, Al, Ca ++, NH 4 +, organic acids) –Volcanic (Cl -, SO 4 = ) –Cosmic (Ir, 10 Be) Aerosols of anthropogenic origin : –SO 4 =, NO 3 -, heavy metals, 137 Cs,… Atmospheric gas composition (δ 18 O of O 2, CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O, CO, noble gases and their isotopes,…) Parameters accessible in natural ice

ERC ICE&LASERS – ANR SUBGLACIOR ERC : Jérôme Chappellaz LGGE (CNRS, UJF) 54 rue Molière – BP St Martin d’Hères - France ANR : Olivier Alemany LGGE (CNRS, UJF) 54 rue Molière – BP St Martin d’Hères - France EPICAEPICA uropean roject for ce oring in ntarctica Dome C 75°06´S 123°23´E 3233 m above sea level Mean annual T= minus 55°C

ERC ICE&LASERS – ANR SUBGLACIOR ERC : Jérôme Chappellaz LGGE (CNRS, UJF) 54 rue Molière – BP St Martin d’Hères - France ANR : Olivier Alemany LGGE (CNRS, UJF) 54 rue Molière – BP St Martin d’Hères - France EPICA – Dome C Temperature CO 2 CH 4 N2ON2O Jouzel et al., Science 2007; Lüthi et al., Nature 2008; Loulergue et al., Nature 2008, Schilt et al., EPSL m of depth

Understanding the causes of the mid-Pleistocene transition ? ? 40,000-yr cycles100,000-yr cycles Mid-Pleistocene Transition

ERC ICE&LASERS – ANR SUBGLACIOR ERC : Jérôme Chappellaz LGGE (CNRS, UJF) 54 rue Molière – BP St Martin d’Hères - France ANR : Olivier Alemany LGGE (CNRS, UJF) 54 rue Molière – BP St Martin d’Hères - France Where to find ice old enough in Antarctica? Constraints : Low accumulation rate (Dome F – Dome A – Vostok – Concordia) No melting at bedrock interface : ice thickness of 2.5 to 3 km Simple ice flow regime Fischer and IPICS oldest ice consortium, Clim. Past, 2013 Vostok

ERC ICE&LASERS – ANR SUBGLACIOR ERC : Jérôme Chappellaz LGGE (CNRS, UJF) 54 rue Molière – BP St Martin d’Hères - France ANR : Olivier Alemany LGGE (CNRS, UJF) 54 rue Molière – BP St Martin d’Hères - France : First application of OF-CEAS in the field

ERC ICE&LASERS – ANR SUBGLACIOR ERC : Jérôme Chappellaz LGGE (CNRS, UJF) 54 rue Molière – BP St Martin d’Hères - France ANR : Olivier Alemany LGGE (CNRS, UJF) 54 rue Molière – BP St Martin d’Hères - France : First application of OF-CEAS in the field Highly-detailed atmospheric CH 4 evolution from 8 to 110 kyr BP Chappellaz et al., Clim. Past 2013

ERC ICE&LASERS – ANR SUBGLACIOR ERC : Jérôme Chappellaz LGGE (CNRS, UJF) 54 rue Molière – BP St Martin d’Hères - France ANR : Olivier Alemany LGGE (CNRS, UJF) 54 rue Molière – BP St Martin d’Hères - France The SUBGLACIOR probe : ice and laser together Team of 21 persons from 4 French laboratories : LGGE, LIPhy, DT-INSU and LSCE Project started in 2012 (ends in 2018) Budget of 3.2 M€ for the probe alone (2.4 M€ coming from the ERC) Drill through the Antarctic ice sheet down to bedrock in a single run and in a single summer Antarctic season (December-January) Embarked OF-CEAS laser spectrometer for in-situ measurements of δD of H 2 O and of methane concentration, with continuous data transfer to surface LIPHy

ERC ICE&LASERS – ANR SUBGLACIOR ERC : Jérôme Chappellaz LGGE (CNRS, UJF) 54 rue Molière – BP St Martin d’Hères - France ANR : Olivier Alemany LGGE (CNRS, UJF) 54 rue Molière – BP St Martin d’Hères - France 97% electromechanical drill + 3% thermal (sample production) Continuous evacuation of the chips through a drill fluid circulation Drill fluid : silicon oil BLUESIL FLD 47V3 Sample handling at sub-atmospheric pressure Sample meltwater re-injected in the borehole Data transmission from spectrometer to surface through ADSL (up to 80 Kb/s) General concept

ERC ICE&LASERS – ANR SUBGLACIOR ERC : Jérôme Chappellaz LGGE (CNRS, UJF) 54 rue Molière – BP St Martin d’Hères - France ANR : Olivier Alemany LGGE (CNRS, UJF) 54 rue Molière – BP St Martin d’Hères - France Field work at Concordia station Antarctica  Leak-tight tubing installed down to 120 m  Successful test of fluid/chip circulation

ERC ICE&LASERS – ANR SUBGLACIOR ERC : Jérôme Chappellaz LGGE (CNRS, UJF) 54 rue Molière – BP St Martin d’Hères - France ANR : Olivier Alemany LGGE (CNRS, UJF) 54 rue Molière – BP St Martin d’Hères - France Outlook The SUBGLACIOR probe takes shape; all technological challenges solved so far Full-scale test on December 2016-January 2017 at Concordia station in Antarctica → 1000 m of depth First deployment for the “oldest ice” challenge in 2017/18 → First record of Antarctic climate and atmospheric composition through the mid-Pleistocene transition More sites afterwards (possibly with the USA, Japan, China, Russia) Application on fast ice stream glaciers

ERC ICE&LASERS – ANR SUBGLACIOR ERC : Jérôme Chappellaz LGGE (CNRS, UJF) 54 rue Molière – BP St Martin d’Hères - France ANR : Olivier Alemany LGGE (CNRS, UJF) 54 rue Molière – BP St Martin d’Hères - France Thank you for your attention ! Photo : Xavier Faïn (Taylor Glacier, Antarctica)