+ / -. EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Definition) 7 EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Scale) 38.

Présentation au sujet: "+ / -. EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Definition) 7 EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Scale) 38."— Transcription de la présentation:

1 + / -

2 EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Definition)

3 7 EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Scale) 38

4 39 EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Scale) 41 42

5 6 5 Pfiesteria EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Scale)

6 EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Diet Breadth) 45 46 Microtus agrestis (Field Vole) 47 Clethrionyms glareolus (Bank Vole) 48 Ondatra zibethica (Muskrat) M. rossiaemeridionalis) (Sibling Vole) Vulpes vulpes (Red Fox) (Finland) SUMMER WINTER

7 EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Diet Breadth) Fig. 12.5 in Cain et al. 2008

8 EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Diet Breadth) 49 50 Snail Kite (Florida Everglades)

9 EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Defenses) 52 53 54 55 56 59

10 57 EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Defenses) 58

11 EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Defenses) 51

12 COEVOLUTION Evolution of two interacting species, each in response to selection imposed by the other

13 EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Definition) 102 103

14 60 EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Scale) 61 62 63

15 4 EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Scale) 64 94

16 65 EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Scale)

17 EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Diet Breadth) Fig. 12.7 in Cain et al. 2008

18 EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Diet Breadth) 1 66

19 EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Food Quality) Fig. 12.6 in Cain et al. 2008

20 EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Plant Defenses) 67 95 96

21 74 73 EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Plant Defenses) 97

22 EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Plant Defenses) 68 69 71 72 70

23 75 76 EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Plant Adaptation)

24 EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Herbivore Adaptations: Rumen) 77

25 78 79 EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Herbivore Adaptations: Rumen Flora)

26 78 EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Herbivore Adaptations) (Parabasalid)

27 COEVOLUTION Evolution of two interacting species, each in response to selection imposed by the other 74 73

28 2 35 EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Scale: Macroparasites) 79

29 EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Scale: Microparasites) 3 83 82 Wheat Rust (Puccinia)

30 EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Scale: Microparasites) 80 Fly-Killing Fungus (Entomophthora) Fig. 13.2 in Cain et al. 2008

31 EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Ectoparasites) 45 84 2

32 EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Endoparasites: Animals) 79 85 (Canine Tapeworm) 86

33 EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Endoparasites: Plants) 88 87 89 90 Peach Leaf CurlApple Scab

34 EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Hemiparasites) 91

35 EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Prevalence) Fig. 13.3 in Cain et al. 2008

36 EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Prevalence) Fig. 13.4 in Cain et al. 2008

37 92 EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Host Defense) Immune System (Animals)

38 EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Host Defense) Fig. 13.7 in Cain et al. 2008

39 EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Host Defense) Fig. 13.8 in Cain et al. 2008

40 EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Parasite Counterdefense)

41 COEVOLUTION Evolution of two interacting species, each in response to selection imposed by the other

42 8 9 EXPLOITATION: PARASITOIDISM

43 30 31 32 EXPLOITATION: DISEASE

44 10 11 12 13 EXPLOITATION: DISEASE

45 Fig. 14.4 in Molles 2006 Mustard (Arabis holboelii); Rust (Puccinia holboelii) EXPLOITATION: DISEASE “Pseudoflowers”

46 EXPLOITATION Predation Herbivory Parasitism *Parasitoid *Disease / Pathogens

47 25 Million Species on Earth 33

48 Isopod 17 Starling Spiny-Headed Worm EXPLOITATION? MUTUALISM? (Endoparasites: Animals)

49 Fig. 14-2 in Molles 2006 EXPLOITATION: (?)

50 36 37 Effect of Exploitation on Prey Abundance

51 26 Grazing Caddisfly 27 Grazing Caddisfly Case 28 29 Caddisfly Adult

52 Fig. 14.10 in Molles 2006 Effect of Exploitation on Prey Abundance Surface Devoid of Bacteria, Algae Surface Coated with Bacteria, Algae Culprit?

53 Fig. 14.10 in Molles 2006 Effect of Exploitation on Prey Abundance Experimental Design

54 Effect of Exploitation on Prey Abundance Experimental Results

55 Figs. 14.8, 14.9 in Molles 2006 Effect of Exploitation on Prey Abundance Caddisfly AbundanceAlgal Abundance

56 21 Effect of Exploitation on Prey Abundance

57 Iowa Whitetail Deer Population 22 Effect of Exploitation on Prey Abundance

58 20 Effect of Exploitation on Prey Abundance

59 23 Effect of Exploitation on Prey Abundance

60 22 Effect of Exploitation on Prey Abundance

61 12 http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/Immunology/Students/ spring2006/Scognamiglio/Migrans.jpg 13 http://www.wadsworth.org/databank/hirez/hechemy2.gif 14 http://www.otago.ac.nz/parasitegroup/Acanthocephalan_Bully.JPG 16 http://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/sertc/images/photo%20gallery/dolly% 20parton%20sponge%20amphipods%20T10041036.jpg 15 http://www.otago.ac.nz/parasitegroup/Acanthocephalan_Bully.JPG 17 http://www.3dscience.com/img/Products/3D_Models/Biology/Protozoa/ Giardia/supporting_images/3d_model_giardia_web1.jpg 18 http://www.legendsofamerica.com/photos-arizona/GilaRiver.jpg 19 http://plantphys.info/organismal/lechtml/images/giardia.jpg 20 http://www.cigna.com/healthinfo/images/gast_01.jpg 21 http://www.obsessedoutdoorsman.com/Iowa%20Deer.jpg

62 1 http://academic.scranton.edu/student/LAZAROV2/bamboo2.jpg 2 http://www.coestatepark.com/4752269c0.jpg 3 http://www.ent.iastate.edu/images/plantpath/wheat/leafrust/wheat_stem_ rust_on_leaves.jpg 4 http://www.richard-seaman.com/Wallpaper/Nature/Caterpillars/http://www.richard-seaman.com/Wallpaper/Nature/Caterpillars/ EasternTentCaterpillarSideView.jpg 5 http://chbr.noaa.gov/pmn/images/PhytoplanktonPics/factsheet_Pfiesteria.gif 7 http://www.birdinfo.com/Antarctica/Antarctica-42-01LeopardSeal ChinstrapPenguin.html 6 http://www.whoi.edu/redtide/foodweb/pfiesteriafishsores.jpg 8 http://whatcom.wsu.edu/ag/comhort/nooksack/ipmweb/images/!92- PARA.jpg 9 http://biomserv.univ-lyon1.fr/sitelabo/GestFich/D3/venturia.jpeg 10 http://www.fda.gov/fdac/graphics/1999graphics/tickthumb.jpg 11 http://www.faqs.org/health/images/uchr_08_img0849.jpg

63 22 http://www.deercrash.com/10year/IAfigure7.jpg 24 http://www.ecoinfo.ec.gc.ca/env_ind/region/snowgeese/images/ graph_geese_e.gif 23 http://www.performancecalls.com/images/2004SpringSnowGoosePictures/ SnowGeeseOverLand.jpg 25 http://www.birddigiscoping.com/blogsnowgeese.jpg 26 http://sjr.state.fl.us/programs/outreach/pubs/macroposter/images/ caddisfly_larva2.jpg 27 http://www.bugsurvey.nsw.gov.au/html/popups/images/lge_ca-la-a_col.jpg 28 http://www.fishpondinfo.com/photos/ponds/bigpond/algae2.jpg 29 http://jimswan.com/111/caddisfly.jpg 30 http://www.sgpp.org/images/brucei_pics.gif

64 31 http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/Trypanosoma.jpg 32 http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/parasitic-protists.html 33 http://nai.nasa.gov/seminars/68_Rivera/tree.jpg 34 http://www.fs.fed.us/r8/foresthealth/idotis/jpg/eastt1.jpg 35 http://static.flickr.com/35/88853462_160d479ada.jpg 36 http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~jmahaffy/courses/f00/math122/lectures/qual_de2/http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~jmahaffy/courses/f00/math122/lectures/qual_de2/ images/mr285.jpg 37 http://www.hiltonpond.org/images/PicassoWoundedBirdCat1938.jpg 38 http://beach.freedomblogging.com/files/2008/04/shark5a85x11.jpg 39 http://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/N-D%20Fungi/n-dfun1.jpg 40 http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/news/local/bay_environment/blog/pfiesteria.gif 41 http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgmay06/C2.jpg 42 http://xup5matt.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/amoeba2.jpg

65 43 http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~jmahaffy/courses/f00/math122/lectures/qual_de2/ihttp://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~jmahaffy/courses/f00/math122/lectures/qual_de2/i mages/mr285.jpg 44 http://www.occc.edu/biologylabs/Images/Homeostasis%20Images/lynx-hare.jpg 45 http:// dnr.state.il.us/ORC/Wildlife/virtual_news/images/red_fox/red_fox_http:// dnr.state.il.us/ORC/Wildlife/virtual_news/images/red_fox/red_fox_ on_snow.jpg 46 http://www.naturephoto-cz.eu/pic/andera/microtus-agrestis-3668.jpg 47 http://www.naturephoto-cz.eu/pic/andera/clethrionomys-glareolus-13043.jpg 48 http://bss.sfsu.edu/holzman/LM%20Images/image13.jpg 49 http://www.fas.org/irp/imint/docs/rst/Sect3/kite.jpg 50 http://www.natureslorephotography.com/images/Snail%20Kites/Snail%http://www.natureslorephotography.com/images/Snail%20Kites/Snail% 20Kite%20M2V6883.jpg 51 http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngexplorer/0503/images/articles_gallery_2_http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngexplorer/0503/images/articles_gallery_2_ 0503.jpg?fs=seabed.nationalgeographic.com

66 52 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Porcupine_http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Porcupine_ NPS11952.jpg 53 http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3161/2792510796_15062f3bea.jpg 54 http://delargy.com/images/2003_8_CostaRica/green_poison_dart_frog.JPG 55 http://scienceblogs.com/afarensis/upload/2006/02/Bombardier%203.jpg 56 http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/living/graphics/opposum5.jpg 57 http://dareneiri.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/07/598px-heliconius_mimicry.png 58 http://fish.mongabay.com/images/steinhart_Dec03/butterfly_mimics.gif 59 http://www.alaska-in-pictures.com/data/media/1/arctic-animals_1644.jpg 60 http://biology.usgs.gov/status_trends/images/Large+Bison.JPG 61 http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3141/2435892110_79cca7f933.jpg 62 http://www.travelyucatan.com/whale_shark_holbox/whale_shark_food_http://www.travelyucatan.com/whale_shark_holbox/whale_shark_food_ habits.jpg

67 63 http://i.pbase.com/o6/30/622930/1/74955643.gtP8gk4Q.Elephantfeeding2.JPG 64 http://www.state.sd.us/DOA/forestry/programs-Services/forestry/http://www.state.sd.us/DOA/forestry/programs-Services/forestry/ BroadleafImages/tent_caterpillar.jpg 65 http://www.micrographia.com/specbiol/protis/homamoeb/amoe0100/http://www.micrographia.com/specbiol/protis/homamoeb/amoe0100/ amoeba24.jpg 66 http://curiousanimals.net/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/525949691-797ac03a41-http://curiousanimals.net/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/525949691-797ac03a41- small.jpg 67 http://www.edupic.net/Images/Plants/cactus_spines409.JPG 68 http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Images/cellwall.jpeg 69 http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/Photos/AlligatorTannin.jpeg 70 http://www.hort.uconn.edu/IPM/homecourse/weeds/poisivy/poisivy2.jpg 72 http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/c/wcoma2-st24152.jpg 73 http://www.uri.edu/cels/bio/plant_anatomy/images/35.gif

68 74 http://www.cactus-mall.com/cdrom/yucca/yelat.jpg 75 http://www2.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/art0037.jpg 76 http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/53/94153-004-5F4038A9.jpg 77 http://www.animalcorner.co.uk/farm/cows/graphics/cowstomach.jpg 78 http://chinese.eurekalert.org/00/multimedia/pub/web/196_web.jpg 79 http://www.terrierman.com/CanineTapeworms.jpg 80 http://homepage.eircom.net/~hedgerow7/hanging-fly-19-web.jpg 81 http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/images/entclose.jpg 82 http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Fungi/Basidiomycota_Images/http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Fungi/Basidiomycota_Images/ Rusts_Smuts/Rusts_Smuts/Puccinia_graminis/Puccinia_telia_MC_.jpg 83 http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_qkZWVcDc-9M/SDOLiEtI3wI/http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_qkZWVcDc-9M/SDOLiEtI3wI/ AAAAAAAAALQ/J3KuG_bK5BU/s400/giardia2.jpg

69 84 http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2007/07/070716191846- large.jpg 85 http://www.metapathogen.com/IMG/Cpo-lc.png 86 http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/gallery/photos/cocci5.gif 87 http://www.plantpath.wisc.edu/fpath/peachleafcurl2.jpg 88 http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/332/Ascomycota/Hemiascomycetes/http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/332/Ascomycota/Hemiascomycetes/ Taphrina_deformans_asci_tjv.low.jpg 90 http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/sep2002. html&usg=__-IXdCH9F3ryI60X77SdCwhowWLI=&h=310&w=400&sz=36&hl= en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=dzo6VNq3yxhdwM:&tbnh=96&tbnw=124&prev=/ images%3Fq%3Dventuria%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26um%3D1 89 http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/images/scab.jpg 91 http://www.anyhere.com/gward/snaps/alberta01/images/p12IndianPaintbrush.jpg 92 http://georgiahealthinfo.gov/cms/files/global/images/image_popup/r7_immunesystem.jpg

70 93 http://hcs.osu.edu/hcs300/biochem3.htm&usg=__ySo48WS3H_fgjOW1h5fZGlL1X4whttp://hcs.osu.edu/hcs300/biochem3.htm&usg=__ySo48WS3H_fgjOW1h5fZGlL1X4w =&h=274&w=339&sz=3&hl=en&start=13&um=1&tbnid=34UNYSg170YUlM:&tbnh=9 6&tbnw=119&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dplant%2Bsecondary%2Bcompounds%26hl%3D en%26sa%3DG%26um%3D1 94 http://www.borealforest.org/insects/tent_caterpillars.jpg 95 http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1056/560571468_fb8022e5b5.jpg?v=0 96 http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1258/582695394_b6cf884725.jpg?v=0 97 http://www.missouriplants.com/Whitealt/Yuuca_glauca_leaf.jpg 98 http://www.xenomis.com/grapeleaf.JPG 99 http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit4/innate/images/http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit4/innate/images/ 8957bv.jpg 100 http://www.deerproofing.com/examples/ex36.JPG 101 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Male_Lion_and_Cubhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Male_Lion_and_Cub _Chitwa_South_Africa_Luca_Galuzzi_2004.JPG

71 102 http://www.wildlife-pictures-online.com/image-files/giraffe_feeding-4023http://www.wildlife-pictures-online.com/image-files/giraffe_feeding-4023 crop.jpg 103 http://k43.pbase.com/o6/19/725119/1/76260852.804djyTi.eKelpfem_0476.jpg