French Study Notes By: Kivtej 8B.

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1 French Study Notes By: Kivtej 8B

2 Present Tense Verbs Regular Verbs:
The first type of regular verbs are: ER When conjugating ER verbs, you remove the ER at the end and replace it with the following: The red indicates the infinitive ending that is to be removed and the green indicates the present tense ending that must be added to conjugate the verb. Je regarder - Je regarde Nous regarder – Nous regardons Tu regarder - Tu regardes Vous regarder – Vous regardez Il regarder - Il regarde Ils regarder – Ils regardent Elle regarder – Elle regarde Elles regarder – Il/elle regardent

3 - IR Verbs The next type of regular verb is: IR
The red indicates the infinitive ending that is to be removed and the green indicates the present tense ending that must be added to conjugate the verb. Je Finir – Je Finis Nous Finir - Nous Finissons Tu Finir - Tu Finis Vous Finir - Vous Finissez Il/elle Finir - Il/elle Finit Ils/elles Finir - Ils/elles Finissent Some more -IR Verbs: Finir 5. Accomplir Choisir 6. Blanchir Rougir

4 - RE Verbs The red indicates the infinitive ending that is to be removed and the green indicates the present tense ending that must be added to conjugate the verb. Je Vendre – Je vends Nous Vendre - Vendons Tu Vendre – Tu vends Vous Vendre – Vendez Il/elle Vendre - Il/elle Vend Ils/elles Vendre – Vendent Other RE Verbs: Perdre 3. Descendre 5. Rendre Vendre 4. Entendre 6. Attendre For Il/elle do not add anything

5 Irregular Verbs There are many irregular verbs. All irregular verbs conjugate differently. Faire – to do; to make Etre – to be Je fais- I Do/I make Je suis Tu fais Tu es Il/elle fait Il/Elle est Nous faisons Nous sommes Vous faites Vous êtes Ils/elles font Ils/Elles sont

6 Verbs Cont. 3. Aller – to go Avoir – to have Je vais- I’m going J’ai Tu vas- Tu as Il/elle va- Il/Elle a Nous allons- Nous avons Vous allez- Vous avez Ils/Elles vont- Ils/Elles ont Please compare these verbs carefully. They are frequently confused!

7 Negation In negation there is only one rule, and that rule is that: one and only one verb goes in the ne … pas sandwich, and that is the first verb. Negation and the futur proche Je vais manger du chocolat Je ne vais pas manger de chocolat. Negation and le passé composé J’ai mangé du chocolat Je n’ai pas mangé de chocolat. Negation and the pronoun “EN” Est-ce qu’il y a du chocolat? Non, il n’y en a pas! Negation and Inversion A-t-il de belles soeurs? N’a-t-il pas de belles soeurs? The ne…pas sandwich is shown in red, the verb is in blue.

8 Futur Proche Futur Proche is formed by conjugating aller and following it with an infinitive (the – er, -ir, - re form of the verb). In French, aller means “to go” and is used, as in English, to show the immediate future Je vais- I’m going Infinitive Tu vas- you’re going nager Il/elle va- he or she is going finir Nous allons- we are going vendre Vous allez- you are going attendre Ils/Elles vont- they are going courir Je vais manger du chocolat- I am going to eat chocolate Tu vas jouer au hockey?- You are going to play hockey? Je ne vais pas étudier. I am not going to study. Vas-tu chanter au concert? – Are you going to sing at the concert? Non, je n’y vais pas chanter.

9 Double Verbs Sometimes we want to use two verbs in a sentence. When we do, we only conjugate the first verb and the second verb stays in its infinitive form (- er,- ir,- re form). This is the same as how the futur proche is formed, except a variety of verbs are used as the first (or auxiliary) verb. Example: J’aime manger. I like to eat. Je sais nager. I know how to swim. Je veux finir. I want to finish Je dois attendre. I have to wait. Puis-je aller aux toilettes? Can I go to the washroom? Voulez-vous aller au concert? Do you want to go to the concert? Ils ne veulent pas faire leurs devoirs.They don’t want to do their hmwk. J’ai voulu acheter cette robe! Je n’ai pas dû finir mes devoirs ce soir! Je ne veux pas en manger. I don’t want to eat any!

10 Passé Composé The 1st part of the passé compose is the auxiliary verb. Most of the time this auxiliary verb is AVOIR. There are only a small number of verbs which use ETRE as an auxiliary verb: those are the Dr/Mrs. Vandertramp verbs. The 2nd part of the passé composé is the past participle. It is not a verb in the sense that it does not conjugate. The past participle is formed by changing the –er, -ir and -re infinitive endings, to é, i, and u. Avoir: J’ai mangé Nous avons regardé Tu as fini Vous avez rougi Il/elle a attendu Ils/elles ont vendu Être Je suis sortie Nous sommes sorti(e)s Tu es sortie Vous êtes sorti(e)(es)(s) Il est sorti Ils sont sortis Elle est sortie Elles sont sorties

11 Formation of the past participle
In the passé composé, the majority of past participles are regularly formed. The pattern is: Manger mangé Finir fini Vendre vendu Examples with avoir: J’ai mangé du poulet J’ai fini un biscuit Examples with être: Il est sorti Je suis tombé

12 Irregular Past Participles that still use AVOIR
Avoir eu – to have Pouvoir pu – to be able to Savoir su – to know something Devoir dû – to have to; must; ought Voir vu – to see Vouloir voulu - to want Faire fait – to do, make Ecrire écrit – to write Dire dit – to say Lire lu – to read Connaître connu – to know someone Être été – to be (I was, etc) *Mettre mis – to put *Prendre pris – to take *Ouvrir ouvert – to open

13 DR & MRS VANDERTRAMP VERBS (THESE TAKE ÊTRE)
Devenir devenu – to become Revenir revenu – to come back; to come again Monter monté – to go up; to climb Rester resté – to stay Sortir sorti – to go out; to exit; to come out Venir venu – to come Aller allé – to go Naitre né – to be born Descendre descendu – to go down; to descend Entrer entré – to enter; to go in; to come in Retourner retourné – to return; go back Tomber tombé – to fall (HINT : tumble) Rentrer rentré – to come back in ; re-enter Arriver arrivé – to arrive Mourir mort – to die Partir parti – to leave

14 Y/EN 1, 2 Rule: Rule 1: If there is only 1 verb, then the Y/EN goes BEFORE the 1st verb Rule 2: If there are only 2 verbs, then the Y/EN goes BEFORE the 2nd verb (which is an infinitive, not a participle). The pronoun Y replaces a prepositional phrase. That means that the prepositional phrase is removed and the pronoun Y is added to the sentence (see the 1, 2 rule above with respect to where it is placed). Prepositional phrases can begin with a variety of prepositions (À , dans, sur, etc), but this year we have focused on those that begin with À À+ le= au À+l’= à l’ À+ la= à la À+ les= aux

15 The prepositional phrase that will be replaced is shown in red and the verb(s) are shown in blue. Participles are in green. On va à la bibliothéque On y va . 2.Elles marchent à l’école. Elles y marchent. 3. Je vais marcher au magasin et elle ne veut pas y marcher. Veux-tu y aller? Ils ont fait leurs devoirs à la bibliothèque. J’y ai travaillé aussi.

16 Y/EN The pronoun en is used to replace partitive phrases that begin with the following partitives: De + le = du De + la = de la De + l’ = de l’ De + les = des The partitive phrase is shown in red and the verb is shown in blue. Nous voulons de la salade. Nous en voulons. 2. Je veux avoir du café. Je veux en avoir. 3. Tu as dû faire des devoirs, n’est-ce pas? Oui, j’en ai dû faire.

17 Inversions To form a question by inversion you switch the verb with the subject. The subject pronouns are: je, tu, il/elle, nous, vous, ils/elles. Example: Je vais manger- I am going to eat Vais-je manger?- Am I going to eat ? Tu vas jouer au hockey- you are going to play hockey. Vas-tu jouer au hockey- you are going to play hockey? 3. Il a une soeur. A-t-il une soeur? Does he have a sister? 4. N’ont-ils pas vendu leur maison? Didn’t they sell their house? Note: When the inversion, means that there are two vowels together (a-il) , a “t” is added to separate them.

18 B.A.N.G.S. Adjectives A,B,C, rule
Almost all adjectives go after the noun they describe, But the B.A.N.G.S. adjectives go before the noun ‘Cause they do. B.A.N.G.S. stands for beauty, age, number, goodness and size because the adjectives that go before the noun they describe can be grouped into those categories. Beauty: Beau/laid Âge: nouveau/ancien/vieux/jeune Number: dernier/premier/1,2,3,4,5 etc. Goodness: bon/mauvais Size: grand/gros/long/petit In addition, many of these adjectives also have irregular feminine forms.

19 B.A.N.G.S. Adjectives Masculine Feminine Ancien Ancienne Beau Belle
Bon Bonne Dernier Dernière Grand Grande Gros Grosse Jeune Long Longue Mauvais Mauvaise Nouveau Nouvelle Petit Petite Vieux Vieille

20 Possessive Adjectives
My Mon Ma Mes Your (tu) Ton Ta Tes His/Her Son Sa Ses Our Notre Notre Nos Your (vous) Votre Votre Vos Their Leur Leur Leurs It is important to remember that possessive adjectives, like all other adjectives in French, must agree with their subject. In the case of the possessives, that means they agree in gender and number with THE THING POSSESSED, not the possessor. Voici Marie et son chien et regarde, voila Marc et son chien. This is Marie and her dog and look, there is Mark and his dog. Marc est faché; Marie a pris sa chaise. Mark is angry; Marie took his chair.

21 Feminine Added With The Suffix “MENT”
Adverbs In English to make an adjective into an adverb we add the suffix “LY” Example: Beautiful + ly = Beautifully In French, adverbs are also formed by adding a suffix to an adjective. However, in French, the suffix is added to the feminine form of the adjective. Regular masculine adjectives end in a consonant and the feminine adjective is formed by adding “E” . The adverb is formed by adding “MENT” to the feminine form: Masculine Feminine Feminine Added With The Suffix “MENT” Grand Lent Grande Lente Grandement Lentement

22 Adverbs formed with “ment” Adjective Ending in an I or u
If the MASCULINE form of an adjective ENDS WITH A VOWEL (i or u), the adverb is created by adding  MENT to it. It is not necessary to an an “e” first. Masculine Adjective Ending in an I or u Adverb Form Joli Absolu Vrai Joliment Absolument Vraiment

23 Comparatives and Superlatives
Simple Comparative Superlative Good Better Best Bad Worse Worst Smart Smarter Smartest Beautiful More Beautiful Most Beautiful Simple Adjectives: Le garҫon intelligent- the boy is intelligent (A,B,C rule – the adjective goes after the noun) La belle fille triste - the beautiful girl (A,B,C rule – the B.A.N.G.S. adjective is going before the noun)

24 Comparative Adjectives
There are 3 types of comparisons in French: More ….. Than - Plus … que + Less ….. Than – Moins …. Que - Equal /As …. As - Aussi …. Que = Note the comparison is in red and the noun it modifies is in green. Il est plus intelligent que son père. He is more intelligent than his father Est-elle moins intelligente que sa mère? Nous ne sommes pas aussi curieux que nos ancêstres.

25 Meilleur que et Pire que
There are also two irregular comparisons: Meilleur … que better than Meilleurs …. que Meilleure…. que better than Meilleures …. que Pire …. que worse than Examples of the comparative: Note the comparison is in red and the noun it modifies is in green. Est- il meilleur que son père comme chef? Elle est meilleure que sa soeur. Les maths sont pire que l’art pour moi.

26 Superlative Adjectives
There are only two forms of superlative adjectives: Le /la/les plus – the most Le/la/ les moins – the least There are also two irregular superlatives: Le meilleur/les meilleurs La meilleure/les meilleures Le pire Examples of Superlatives: The superlative is in red, the noun it modifies is in green. Pay attention to the placement of the superlative phrase. Il est le garҫon le plus intelligent. Elle est la fille la plus bavarde de la classe. Ils sont les plus grands garçons de l’école mais ils ne sont pas les meilleurs jouers de volleyball.