Bound roots Ludique : “relatif au jeu”

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1 Bound roots Ludique : “relatif au jeu”
Volcanique : “relatif aux volcans et à leurs activités” Atomique : “qui a rapport aux atomes” Catastrophique : “qui a les caractères d’une catastrophe” Sphérique : “en forme de sphère” *Lud(e) vs. volcan, atome, catastrophe, sphère

2 Bound roots : -lud- Ludique Ludisme : “activité ludique”
Ludoéducatif : “qui vise à éduquer par l’intermédiaire d’un jeu” Ludothèque : “centre de prêt de jouets et de jeux” Interlude : “petit intermède dans un programme dramatique, cinématographique, etc.”

3 Bound roots Sous-chef Sous-homme Sous-fifre

4 Bound roots Sous-chef Sous-homme
“Celui qui vient immédiatement après le chef dans certaines hiérarchies” Sous-homme “Homme inférieur, privé de sa dignité d’homme”

5 Bound roots Sous-fifre Fifre
“Subalterne, tout petit employé” Fifre “1. Petite flûte traversière en bois au song aigu. 2. Joueur de fifre” Origine de sous-fifre : “fifre pop. “homme maladroit”

6 Huckles and Ceives Blueberry Myrtille Blackberry Mûre Gooseberry
Strawberry Elderberry Cranberry Huckleberry Lukewarm Myrtille Mûre Groseille à maquereau Fraise Baie de sureau Airelle Tiède

7 Bound roots cran- huckle- (straw-) (elder-) (goose-) luke-

8 Bound roots -phon- phonetic phonetics phonetician phonic phonology
phonologist Phonological telephone phone telephonic phoneme phonemic allophone euphonious symphony

9 Bound roots receive conceive perceive deceive *ceive reception
conception perception deception *ception

10 Bound roots remit permit commit *mit remission permission commission

11 Bound roots recevoir Je reçois, réception concevoir
percevoir *cevoir Je reçois, réception Je conçois, conception Je perçois, perception *cois, ception

12 Bound roots The meaning of the lexeme is related to the meaning of (at least) one of the morphemes it contains. Associated with a clear meaning but does not appear in isolation: -lud-, -phon-, … Not associated with a clear meaning combines with morphemes that have a clear meaning: cran-, huckle-, luke-, … Associated with a clear meaning but that meaning is irrelevant: straw-, elder-, -fifre

13 Bound roots The meaning of the lexeme is not clearly related to any of its parts But : the root has regular formal properties: -ceive, -mit, … it combines with identifiable affixes

14 Morphemes and the arbitrariness of the linguistic sign
Blackberry

15 Morphemes and the arbitrariness of the linguistic sign
Blueberry

16 Morphemes and the arbitrariness of the linguistic sign
Elderberry

17 Naming and lexemes People need to name things, ideas, properties, actions, etc. Morphological principles of language allow one to build lexemes for naming things

18 Naming and lexemes Morphologically constructed meaning Lexeme meaning
blackberry = “a type of berry that is black” Lexeme meaning blackberry = “a certain type of berry called mûre in French”

19 Lexeme meaning and phrase meaning
A ‘blackberry (compound) A black ‘berry (phrase)

20 Naming and lexemes Porte-N: morphologically constructed meaning: “person or thing that carries N” Porte-drapeau : “Celui qui porte le drapeau d’un régiment” Porte-glaive : “Celui qui porte un glaive” Porte-cigares : “Etui à cigares” Portemanteau : “Patère, ensemble de patères pour suspendre des manteaux ; vx. Officier qui portait le manteau d’un grand personnage”

21 Morphemes and the arbitrariness of the linguistic sign
fifre “1. Petite flûte traversière en bois au song aigu. 2. Joueur de fifre. 3. pop. et arch. “homme maladroit.” sous-fifre = sous + fifre3 fifre3 disappears sous-fifre remains Conclusion: the arbitrary link between meaning and form is at lexeme level.

22 Morphemes and the arbitrariness of the linguistic sign
uncouth: “If you describe a person as uncouth, you mean that they are bad-mannered, and that their behaviour is unpleasant and unacceptable” *couth ungainly: “awkward, clumsy” *gainly

23 Compounds Stem + stem Blackberry [blackAdj + berryN] N
Gooseberry [gooseN + berryN] N Dishwasher [dishN + [washV + erV→N]N ]N Porte-manteau [porteV + manteauN]N Porte-cigarette [porteV + [cigareN + etteN→N]N ]N

24 Hyperonyms and hyponyms

25 Endocentric compounds
A blackberry is a kind of berry The compound is a hyperonym of one of the stems  That stem is the semantic head The category of the compound (N) is the same as the category of that stem  That stem is the syntactic head The head is one of the stems:  The compound: is endocentric

26 More endocentric compounds
greenhouseN = greenAdj + houseN (kind of house) catfishN = catN + fishN (kind of fish) pushcartN = pushV + cartN (kind of cart) lemon yellowAdj = lemonN + yellowAdj (kind of yellow) [also NN, name of the colour]