PIPE SUPPORTS 1 Pipe supports inside the compression station and pumping stations AUGUST 2014

PIPE SUPPORTS 2

PRINCIPLES OF PIPELINE DESIGN The following points should be covered during the design of pipeline: 1.Effect of the environment 2.Routing process 3.Approval and legal considerations 3 AUGUST 2014

PRINCIPLES OF PIPELINE DESIGN 4 AUGUST 2014

PRINCIPLES OF PIPELINE DESIGN 5 AUGUST 2014

PRINCIPLES OF PIPELINE DESIGN 6 Environmental considerations for onshore pipelines AUGUST 2014

PRINCIPLES OF PIPELINE DESIGN 7 Environmental considerations for offshore pipelines AUGUST 2014

PRINCIPLES OF PIPELINE DESIGN 8 ROUTING PROCESS 1.Pipeline route should be as short as possible 2.Onshore pipelines the route must take into consideration: A. Sensitive areas (Areas of populations, national parks, …etc) B. Environment (wildlife, archaeological); C. Geography (rocky areas, fault lines, areas of erosion) D. Crossing (road, rail ways, rivers) E. Location of compressor / pumping stations F. Location of above-ground installations AUGUST 2014

PRINCIPLES OF PIPELINE DESIGN 9 ROUTING PROCESS In addition, the route of pipeline should avoid: 1. Running parallel with high-density traffic routes 2. Running parallel to electrical power lines and other oil or gas pipelines 3. If crossing is required, the pipeline should cross perpendicular to the road/ railway AUGUST 2014

PRINCIPLES OF PIPELINE DESIGN 10 Pipeline routing corridor ROUTING PROCESS AUGUST 2014

PRINCIPLES OF PIPELINE DESIGN 11 ROUTING PROCESS Transmission pipeline routing AUGUST 2014

DETAILED DESIGN PARAMETERS 12 The following points should be taken into consideration when determining the route of a pipeline: 1. Pipeline diameter (nominal size) 2. Find out the wall thickness (from the standard tables) 3. Material grade (suitable for the environment) 4. Maximum operating pressure and flow conditions 5. Operating temperature (fluid& environment temp.) 6. Pressure drop 7. Corrosion protection which is suitable for this route. AUGUST 2014

FACTORS THAT INFLUNCE THE LENGTH OF A PIPELINE 13 These factors are: 1. Design pressure 2. Acceptable pressure drop, 3. Pipeline diameter, 4. Wall thickness, and 5. The temperature profile AUGUST 2014

EQUATIONS USED IN CALCULATING THE BASIC FLOW PARAMETERS FOR GAS AND LIQUID PIPELINES 14

CHOOSING THE WALL THICKNESS FOR THE PIPELINE 15 AUGUST 2014

PIPELINE COATING 16 Why we coat pipelines? The two main methods which are commonly used to protect pipelines are: 1.Coating 2.Cathodic protection (CP) system AUGUST 2014

PIPELINE COATING REQUIREMENTS 17 Pipeline coating must have the following characteristics: 1.Thermal stability (will not deform under high operating temperatures) 2.Impermeability to water and moisture; 3.Chemical stability (does not degrade owing to chemical reaction with soil or surroundings) 4. Ease of use; 5. Economical. AUGUST 2014

TYPICAL PIPELINE COATING METHODS 18 Typical onshore pipeline coatings AUGUST 2014

TYPICAL PIPELINE COATING METHODS 19 Typical offshore pipeline coatings AUGUST 2014

PIPELINE PROTECTION 20 Methods of pipeline protection include: 1. Concrete coating 2. Increased wall thickness 3. Burial; 4. Sleeve protection; 5. Marker tapes; 6. Protective concrete slabs AUGUST 2014