Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques An overview on the Cold application throughout the world Jacques Guilpart Head of the Refrigeration processes engineering research unit, Cemagref, France French delegate to the International Institute of refrigeration

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques How would the world look like without artificial cold ? or : the cold, a forgotten need … an evidence For cooling … ? Just push on the button !

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques The cold : an evident application on food … The food cold chain … from the first ages to the 1800ths Preservation (quality, safety, … Cf L. Bog Sorensen )

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques The cold : an evident application on food … The food cold chain … in 1900th Thermodynamics discovery

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques CFC discovery in the 1930th The cold : an evident application on food … The food cold chain … in 1950th

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques The cold : an evident application on food … The food cold chain … today Cf V. Silvera, M. Debord, G. Chuzel, L. de Camargo, N. Filho

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques The cold : some less evident applications on food Texturation and formulation Butter and fat Chocolate Dairy products and other semiliquid foods Ice creams … Lyophilisation Baby food Prepared meats

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques The cold : some less evident applications on food Cryoconcentration Cryoseparation Juices and other liquid foods Tartric acid (wine) Control of fermentation Wine Beer Champaign And some other application (Cf J. Evans & R. Masheroni)

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques The cold : an evident application on food … One can estimate that approx 60% of the food we eat in developed countries needs cold application : 530 kG/hab. year of solid foods, incl. 308 kg of refrigerated food 42 kg of frozen food. Over the Mt of the food produced worldwide, Mt could be refrigerated to good effect … but only 350 MT are actually refrigerated. 25% up to 30% of the world food production is lost; the application of cold could save a large amount of this food. 3 million death per year are caused by unhealthy diet; the application of cold could drastically reduce this deplorable score.

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques The cold : an evident application on food … Fiction prospective … Mean life duration in year (France)

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques The cold : an evident application on food … Fiction prospective … Development of the cold chain …

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques But the cold throughout the world is also … Air conditioning in the 1950th early …

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques But the cold throughout the world is also … Air conditioning and more and more today … Domestic Buildings Mobile

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques But the cold throughout the world is also … Sports and entertainment

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques But the cold throughout the world is also … Liquefaction of energetic gases LNG, LPG

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques But the cold throughout the world is also … Liquefaction of industrial gases N2, O2, CO2 He, H2, …

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques But the cold throughout the world is also … … and the liquefied gases applications in iron industry,

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques But the cold throughout the world is also … … in aeronautics

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques But the cold throughout the world is also … … in civil engineering

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques But the cold throughout the world is also … … and in supra conduction

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques But the cold throughout the world is also … … Some medical applications for drugs processing (and preservation)

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques But the cold throughout the world is also … … and in surgery a couple of years ago …

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques But the cold throughout the world is also … …, today and tomorrow

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques The cold applications throughout the world Relative economic weigh of the different activities related to the cold applications 1991

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques The cold applications throughout the world An evidence : The cold is largely used in the food industry domain … The cold production is mainly based on vapour compression cycles with liquid/vapour phase change (Cf R. Aguilo) CFC, HCFC, HFC and other refrigerants

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques The cold applications throughout the world Ozone layer Global warming … => Drastic regulation on chlorinated refrigerant use Cf S. Van der Sluis

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques The International Institute of Refrigeration All the mentioned topics are the concern of the international institute of refrigeration … Intergovernmental organization 61 Member Countries

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques Mission of the IIR To promote expansion of knowledge and to disseminate information on all refrigeration technologies and all applications for the benefit of humanity To promote knowledge of refrigeration technologies and all applications in order to address todays major issues Food safety Protection of the environment –Reduction of global warming –Prevention of ozone depletion Development of the least developed countries –Food –Health The International Institute of Refrigeration

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques E D C B A Air conditioning Heat pumps, energy recovery Refrigerated storage Refrigerated transport Cryobiology, cryomedicine Food science and engineering Thermodynamics and transfer processes Refrigerating equipment Cryophysics, cryoengineering Liquefaction and separation of gases E1 D1 C1 B1 A1 E2 D2 C2 B2 A2 The International Institute of Refrigeration

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques IIR services and deliverables The International Institute of Refrigeration

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques Training Courses Good Practice in Refrigeration Refrigeration and Preservation of Fruit and Vegetables Refrigeration and Preservation of Fish Refrigeration and the Environment Refrigeration Fundamentals The International Institute of Refrigeration

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques Working parties Chairman WP Phase-Change Materials and Ice SlurriesL. Fournaison WP Mitigation of GHGsP. Lundqvist WP Preservation of Genetic Resources WP Refrigerant System SafetyL. Rolfsman WP Data and Models (Food)B. Nicolai WP Cold Chain in Developing Countries WP Cold Chain OptimizationN. Amos WP Magnetic CoolingP. Egolf WP Energy Labelling in the Cold ChainG. Panozzo SC Test Stations (refrigerated transport)G. Johansson SC Display CabinetsS. Van der Sluis The International Institute of Refrigeration

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques The International Institute of Refrigeration 1)10th WFLO Education Program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Feb. 5-6, )2nd International Conference on Magnetic Refrigeration at Room Temperature, Portoroz, Slovenia, April 11-13, )Ammonia Refrigeration Technology for Today and Tomorrow, Ohrid, Macedonia (FYROM), April 19-21, ) LNG 15 – Liquefied Natural Gas, Barcelona, Spain, April 24-27, )New Ventures in Freeze-drying, Strasbourg, France, Nov. 7-9, ) 4th International Conference on Cryogenics – ICCR2008, Shanghai, China, April 6-9, ) 4th Central European Congress of Food – CEFood 2008, Cavtat, Croatia, April 9-11, )8th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids (GL2008), Copenhagen, Denmark, Sept. 7-10, )International Sorption Heat Pump Conference ISHPCO8, Seoul, South Korea, Sept , 2008 Organisation and sponsoring of conferences

Unité de recherche Génie des Procédés Frigorifiques Welcome to the 22nd International Congress of Refrigeration « Refrigeration creates the future » Beijing, China, August 21-26, 2007 The International Institute of Refrigeration