Météorologie Dynamique

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Transcription de la présentation:

Météorologie Dynamique Chapitre 16 : Circulation et vorticité

Table de matières Théorème de la circulation ou de Kelvin Équation du tourbillon Le tourbillon potentiel Conséquences de la conservation du tourbillon potentiel Analyse d’échelle de l’équation du tourbillon 22/09/2018 SCA4621 : E. Monteiro

Circulation versus tourbillon 22/09/2018 SCA4621 : E. Monteiro

Théorème de Kelvin (ou de la circulation) Dans le cas d’une atmosphère barotrope et où la friction est négligeable : Théorème de Kelvin : dans une atmosphère barotrope et sans friction la circulation absolue se conserve 22/09/2018 SCA4621 : E. Monteiro

Théorème de Bjerknes Théorème de Bjerknes : La variation de la circulation est une conséquence de la force de gradient de pression et de la force de frottement (friction) 22/09/2018 SCA4621 : E. Monteiro

Théorème de Bjerknes : la brise de mer Tt Tm Exemple : pages 90-92 Théorème de Bjerknes : La circulation est une conséquence de la force de gradient de pression et de la force de frottement (friction) 22/09/2018 SCA4621 : E. Monteiro

Équation du tourbillon Dans le cas du mouvement à l’échelle synoptique le vent est quasi-horizontal Une autre façon de décrire le mouvement non rectiligne des parcelle d’air sans faire référence au centre de rotation fait référence à la vorticité de l’écoulement, qui est la circulation par unité de surface. Pour le calcul du tourbillon il n’est plus nécessaire de définir un circuit fermé dans l’écoulement que nous intéresse. Comme la circulation est égale au flux du tourbillon à travers une surface fermée, la circulation est aussi connu sous la désignation de strenghth of the vortex. 22/09/2018 SCA4621 : E. Monteiro

Tourbillon planétaire (d’un corps rigide) 22/09/2018 SCA4621 : E. Monteiro

Tourbillon relatif 22/09/2018 SCA4621 : E. Monteiro

Tourbillon relatif. Exemple : Andrew (1992) En Aout 1992, un ouragan de catégorie 5, nommé Andrew a causé 61 morts. Au moment de la prise de la photo satellitaire on observait des vents de 150 kts à la distance de 20 km du centre de basse pression. Le tourbillon associé à cet ouragan est de 7,7x10-3. Le tourbillon planétaire est un ordre de grandeur inférieur L’importance du tourbillon n’est pas tant sa valeur mais sa variation temporelle. Une augmentation du tourbillon signifie que le système s’intensifie. Les changements temporelles du tourbillon relatif est due à l’influence des montagnes et des gradients de température, le dégagement de chaleur latente et la friction. On cherche une quantité qui se conserve. C’est le tourbillon potentiel. Discussion 22/09/2018 SCA4621 : E. Monteiro

Conservation du tourbillon potentiel Hypothèses : Le mouvement est dans l’atmosphère libre : frottement négligeable Le mouvement est adiabatique : conservation de la température potentielle. Le théorème de la circulation de Kelvin affirme que dans le cas d’un écoulement barotrope et sans frottement la circulation se conserve. On a vu aussi que dans les cas réels la circulation change par l’action de la baroclinicité et du frottement. Cependant nous pouvons simplifier la situation supposant que nous sommes assez éloignés de la surface pour que le frottement soit négligeable et que le mouvement est adiabatique. Potential vorticity (PV) is a quantity which is proportional to the product of vorticity and stratification that, following a parcel of air or water, can only be changed by diabatic or frictional processes. It is a useful concept for understanding the generation of vorticity in cyclogenesis (the birth and development of a cyclone), especially along the polar front, and in analyzing flow in the ocean. It is also useful in tracing intrusions of stratospheric air deep into the troposphere in the vicinity of jet streaks, a concentrated region within a jet stream where the wind speeds are the strongest. It acts as a flow tracer in the ocean as well. It can also be used to explain how a range of mountains like the Andes can make the upper westerly winds swerve towards the equator and back. Baroclinic instability requires the presence of a potential vorticity gradient along which waves amplify during cyclogenesis. Mathematically, one form of potential vorticity is given by the equation: where ρ is the fluid density, ζ is the absolute vorticity and is the gradient of the potential temperature. It can be shown through a combination of the first law of thermodynamics and momentum conservation that potential vorticity can only be changed by diabatic heating (such as latent heat released from condensation) or frictional processes. This conservation is the atmospheric equivalent to inertia. A spinning ice skater with her arms spread out laterally can accelerate her rate of spin by contracting her arms. Similarly, when a vortex of air is broad, it is in turn, slow. When the air converges, to maintain potential vorticity, the air speed increases, resulting in a stretched rince vortex. Divergence causes the vortex to spread, slowing down the rate of spin. Parce que 22/09/2018 SCA4621 : E. Monteiro

Conservation du tourbillon potentiel Hypothèse : surfaces isentropiques sont quasi-horizontales Tourbillon potentiel de Rossby-Ertel Le théorème de la circulation de Kelvin affirme que dans le cas d’un écoulement barotrope et sans frottement la circulation se conserve. On a vu aussi que dans les cas réels la circulation change par l’action de la baroclinicité et du frottement. Cependant nous pouvons simplifier la situation supposant que nous sommes assez éloignés de la surface pour que le frottement soit négligeable et que le mouvement est adiabatique. Potential vorticity (PV) is a quantity which is proportional to the product of vorticity and stratification that, following a parcel of air or water, can only be changed by diabatic or frictional processes. It is a useful concept for understanding the generation of vorticity in cyclogenesis (the birth and development of a cyclone), especially along the polar front, and in analyzing flow in the ocean. It is also useful in tracing intrusions of stratospheric air deep into the troposphere in the vicinity of jet streaks, a concentrated region within a jet stream where the wind speeds are the strongest. It acts as a flow tracer in the ocean as well. It can also be used to explain how a range of mountains like the Andes can make the upper westerly winds swerve towards the equator and back. Baroclinic instability requires the presence of a potential vorticity gradient along which waves amplify during cyclogenesis. Mathematically, one form of potential vorticity is given by the equation: where ρ is the fluid density, ζ is the absolute vorticity and is the gradient of the potential temperature. It can be shown through a combination of the first law of thermodynamics and momentum conservation that potential vorticity can only be changed by diabatic heating (such as latent heat released from condensation) or frictional processes. This conservation is the atmospheric equivalent to inertia. A spinning ice skater with her arms spread out laterally can accelerate her rate of spin by contracting her arms. Similarly, when a vortex of air is broad, it is in turn, slow. When the air converges, to maintain potential vorticity, the air speed increases, resulting in a stretched rince vortex. Divergence causes the vortex to spread, slowing down the rate of spin. 22/09/2018 SCA4621 : E. Monteiro

Tourbillon potentiel : ouest – est en terrain plat impossible y possible impossible x 22/09/2018 SCA4621 : E. Monteiro

Tourbillon potentiel : est – ouest en terrain plat y possible possible possible x 22/09/2018 SCA4621 : E. Monteiro

Tourbillon potentiel : l’écoulement transversal à une chaîne de montagnes Le théorème de la circulation de Kelvin affirme que dans le cas d’un écoulement barotrope et sans frottement la circulation se conserve. On a vu aussi que dans les cas réels la circulation change par l’action de la baroclinicité et du frottement. Cependant nous pouvons simplifier la situation supposant que nous sommes assez éloignés de la surface pour que le frottement soit négligeable et que le mouvement est adiabatique. Potential vorticity (PV) is a quantity which is proportional to the product of vorticity and stratification that, following a parcel of air or water, can only be changed by diabatic or frictional processes. It is a useful concept for understanding the generation of vorticity in cyclogenesis (the birth and development of a cyclone), especially along the polar front, and in analyzing flow in the ocean. It is also useful in tracing intrusions of stratospheric air deep into the troposphere in the vicinity of jet streaks, a concentrated region within a jet stream where the wind speeds are the strongest. It acts as a flow tracer in the ocean as well. It can also be used to explain how a range of mountains like the Andes can make the upper westerly winds swerve towards the equator and back. Baroclinic instability requires the presence of a potential vorticity gradient along which waves amplify during cyclogenesis. Mathematically, one form of potential vorticity is given by the equation: where ρ is the fluid density, ζ is the absolute vorticity and is the gradient of the potential temperature. It can be shown through a combination of the first law of thermodynamics and momentum conservation that potential vorticity can only be changed by diabatic heating (such as latent heat released from condensation) or frictional processes. This conservation is the atmospheric equivalent to inertia. A spinning ice skater with her arms spread out laterally can accelerate her rate of spin by contracting her arms. Similarly, when a vortex of air is broad, it is in turn, slow. When the air converges, to maintain potential vorticity, the air speed increases, resulting in a stretched rince vortex. Divergence causes the vortex to spread, slowing down the rate of spin. 22/09/2018 SCA4621 : E. Monteiro

Tourbillon potentiel : l’écoulement transversal à une chaîne de montagnes 22/09/2018 SCA4621 : E. Monteiro

Équation du tourbillon (évolution temporelle du tourbillon) 22/09/2018 SCA4621 : E. Monteiro

Analyse d’échelle de l’équation du tourbillon 22/09/2018 SCA4621 : E. Monteiro

Approximation géostrophique 22/09/2018 SCA4621 : E. Monteiro