Projet de caractérisation – GCI747 Le Bisphénol A et le triclosan dans les eaux de la rivière St-François : une préoccupation grandissante! Projet de caractérisation – GCI747 Département de génie civil 2500, boulevard de l’Université Sherbrooke (Qc) – J1K 2R1 Hubert.Cabana@USherbrooke.ca www.civil.usherbrooke.ca/environnement/index.htm

Substances perturbatrices du système endocrinien Un composé chimique exogène ou un mélange de composés qui altère une ou des fonctions du système endocrinien des organismes et qui cause des effets néfastes sur la santé des organismes vivants, sur leur progéniture ou sur une partie de la population. Vos et al., (2000), Crit. Rev. Toxicol.

Substances perturbatrices du système endocrinien http://web.bryant.edu/~dlm1/sc372/readings/toxicology/endocrinedisrupter.jpg

Les effets des EDCs Effets hormono-dépendants : Estrogène (xénoestrogène); Thyroïde; Féminisation des espèces aquatiques; Diminution de l’épaisseur de la coquilles des œufs chez les oiseaux; Diminution du nombre de spermatozoïdes chez l’humain…

Les effets des EDCs Ovaries from white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) collected during their spawning migration. The fish on the left was from a population living in a remote undeveloped region of Lake Superior (Mountain Bay). The fish on the right was from a population living in Jackfish Bay, Lake Superior, which receives BKME from a mill at Terrace Bay, Ontario, Canada. Ovarian size was significantly reduced in fish originating from the BKME-exposed site. Pictures provided by Drs M. McMaster, K. Munkittrick, and G. Van Der Kraak.

Les effets des EDCs “However, essentially all of the evidence to date suggests that it is the potent steroidal estrogens that are the primary causative agents leading to feminization of fish…..” Sumpter and Johnson 2005

Quelques EDCs atrazine (weedkiller) 4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) (sunscreen lotions) butylated hydroxyanisole / BHA (food preservative) bisphenol A (monomer for polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resin; antioxidant in plasticizers) dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (one of the breakdown products of DDT) dieldrin (insecticide) DDT (insecticide) endosulfan (insecticide) erythrosine / FD&C Red No. 3 ethinylestradiol (combined oral contraceptive pill) (released into the environment as a xenoestrogen) heptachlor (insecticide) lindane / hexachlorocyclohexane (insecticide) metalloestrogens (a class of inorganic xenoestrogens) methoxychlor (insecticide) nonylphenol and derivatives (industrial surfactants; emulsifiers for emulsion polymerization; laboratory detergents; pesticides) polychlorinated biphenyls / PCBs (in electrical oils, lubricants, adhesives, paints) parabens (lotions) phenosulfothiazine (a red dye) phthalates (plasticizers) DEHP (plasticizer for PVC) Aussi des Edcs naturels

Quelques EDCs Cabana et al., Eng. Life Sci., 2007

Les xénoestrogènes 17β- estradiol Bisphénol A Fang et al., (2001), Chem. Res. Toxicol.

EDCs étudiées Bisphénol A (BPA) Origine: Matière première dans l’industrie plastique Polycarbonates et résine époxy Principales sources : Production de BPA, lixiviation de résidus plastiques, site d’enfouissement , etc. Reconnue comme xénoestrogène BPA [BPA]effluents ~ 1 µg/l; [BPA]boues ~ 75 mg / kg; [BPA]lixiviats ~ 15 mg/l Les perturbateurs ciblés sont rencontrés dans la majorité des environnement aquatiques (tant de surface que souterrain) contaminés par l’activité humaine. Constat d’échec des

EDCs étudiées Triclosan (TCS) Agent antimicrobien utilisé dans les produits de soins corporels (eg. dentifrices, déodorants, savons, etc.) Relargué dans l’environnement par les effluents et les boues des usines d’épuration des eaux usées municipales Perturbations endocriniennes mal connues Perturbations du système thyroïdien [TCS]effluents jusqu’à ~ 5 µg/l; [TCS]boues ~ 55 mg/kg

Quelques exemples Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in US streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance. Kolpin et al., 2002.

Toronto In this study, BPA was observed in all 30 sewage samples with concentrations ranging from 0.16 to 28.1 μg/L (median 0.75 μg/L) in the influents and from 0.01 to 17.3 μg/L (median 0.13 μg/L) in the effluent (Table 2). Occurrence of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Sewage and Sludge Samples in Toronto, Canada. Lee et al., 2004.

Effluent concentrations (μg/L) of acidic drugs, triclosan, polycyclic musks and hormones for 12 municipal wastewater treatment plants along the Thames River, Canada Analyte (μg/L) MDL n < MDL Median Mean Maximum Salicylic acid 0.087 36 0.104 0.106 0.121 Ibuprofen 0.061 23 0.353 0.384 0.773 Gemfibrozil 0.077 22 0.255 0.246 0.436 Naproxen 0.074 18 0.351 0.452 1.189 Ketoprofen 0.088 30 0.114 0.125 0.210 Diclofenac 0.062 15 0.140 0.194 0.748 Indomethacin 0.10 0.149 0.190 0.507 Fenofibrate 0.026 39 – Fenoprofen 0.066 Clofibric acid Triclosan 0.031 0.108 0.324 Celestolide 0.016 28 0.0200 0.025 0.09 Phantolide 0.018 Traseolide 0.013 13 0.047 0.045 0.072 Galaxolide 0.012 0.876 0.751 1.82 Tonalide 0.0085 1 0.298 0.274 0.600 Estradiola 0.005 34 Estronea 17 0.0076 0.038 Twelve Ontario MWWTPs discharging into the Thames River were chosen as the sample sites. The Thames River, the second largest river in southwestern Ontario, flows into eastern Lake Erie Occurrence and reductions of pharmaceuticals and personal care products and estrogens by municipal wastewater treatment plants in Ontario, Canada. Lishman et al., 2006.

Les effets de ces contaminants La littérature scientifique s’est grandement étoffée au cours des dernières années à ce sujet; Voici quelques références d’intérêt… Barnes, K.K., Christenson, S.C., Kolpin, D.W., Focazio, M., Furlong, E.T., Zaugg, S.D., Meyer, M.T. et Barber, L.B. (2004). Pharmaceuticals and other organic waste water contaminants within a leachate plume downgradient of a municipal landfill. Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, vol. 24, n° 2, p. 119-126. Barnes, K.K., Kolpin, D.W., Furlong, E.T., Zaugg, S.D., Meyer, M.T. et Barber, L.B. (2008). A national reconnaissance of pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants in the United States - I) Groundwater. Science of the Total Environment, vol. 402, n° 2-3, p. 192-200. Bouskine, A., Nebout, M., Brucker-Davis, F., Benahmed, M. et Fenichel, P. (2009). Low Doses of Bisphenol A Promote Human Seminoma Cell Proliferation by Activating PKA and PKG via a Membrane G-Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor. Environmental health perspectives, vol. 117, n° 7, p. 1053-1058. Cahill, J.D., Furlong, E.T., Burkhardt, M.R., Kolpin, D. et Anderson, L.G. (2004). Determination of pharmaceutical compounds in surface- and ground-water samples by solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography a, vol. 1041, n° 1-2, p. 171-180. Focazio, M.J., Kolpin, D.W., Barnes, K.K., Furlong, E.T., Meyer, M.T., Zaugg, S.D., Barber, L.B. et Thurman, M.E. (2008). A national reconnaissance for pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants in the United States - II) Untreated drinking water sources. Science of the Total Environment, vol. 402, n° 2-3, p. 201-216. Lee, H.B. et Peart, T.E. (2000). Bisphenol A contamination in Canadian municipal and industrial wastewater and sludge samples. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada, vol. 35, n° 2, p. 283-298. Lee, H.B. et Peart, T.E. (2002). Organic contaminants in Canadian municipal sewage sludge. Part I. Toxic or endocrine-disrupting phenolic compounds. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada, vol. 37, n° 4, p. 681-696. Lee, H.B., Peart, T.E., Chan, J. et Gris, G. (2004). Occurrence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in sewage and sludge samples in Toronto, Canada. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada, vol. 39, n° 1, p. 57-63. Meeker, J.D., Sathyanarayana, S. et Swan, S.H. (2009). Phthalates and other additives in plastics: human exposure and associated health outcomes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, vol. 364, n° 1526, p. 2097-2113. Mills, P.C., Kolpin, D.W., Scribner, E.A. et Thurman, E.M. (2005). Herbicides and degradates in shallow aquifers of Illinois: Spatial and temporal trends. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, vol. 41, n° 3, p. 537-547. Oehlmann, J., Schulte-Oehlmann, U., Kloas, W., Jagnytsch, O., Lutz, I., Kusk, K.O., Wollenberger, L., Santos, E.M., Paull, G.C., Van Look, K.J.W. et Tyler, C.R. (2009). A critical analysis of the biological impacts of plasticizers on wildlife. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, vol. 364, n° 1526, p. 2047-2062. Reinstorf, F., Leschik, S., Musolff, A., Osenbruck, K., Strauch, G., Moder, M. et Schirmer, M. (2009). Quantification of large-scale urban mass fluxes of xenobiotics and of the river-groundwater interaction in the city of Halle, Germany. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, vol. 34, n° 8-9, p. 574-579. Shi, W., Wang, X.Y., Hu, W., Sun, H., Shen, O.X., Liu, H.L., Wang, X.R., Giesy, J.P., Cheng, S.P. et Yu, H.X. (2009). Endocrine-disrupting equivalents in industrial effluents discharged into Yangtze River. Ecotoxicology, vol. 18, n° 6, p. 685-692. Talsness, C.E., Andrade, A.J.M., Kuriyama, S.N., Taylor, J.A. et vom Saal, F.S. (2009). Components of plastic: experimental studies in animals and relevance for human health. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, vol. 364, n° 1526, p. 2079-2096. Teuten, E.L., Saquing, J.M., Knappe, D.R.U., Barlaz, M.A., Jonsson, S., Bjorn, A., Rowland, S.J., Thompson, R.C., Galloway, T.S., Yamashita, R., Ochi, D., Watanuki, Y., Moore, C., Pham, H.V., Tana, T.S., Prudente, M., Boonyatumanond, R., Zakaria, M.P., Akkhavong, K., Ogata, Y., Hirai, H., Iwasa, S., Mizukawa, K., Hagino, Y., Imamura, A., Saha, M. et Takada, H. (2009). Transport and release of chemicals from plastics to the environment and to wildlife. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, vol. 364, n° 1526, p. 2027-2045.

La rivière St-François http://www.cogesaf.qc.ca/SaintFrancois/IndexSaintFrancois.html

Pour de plus amples informations COGESAF : http://www.cogesaf.qc.ca Catherine Frizzle : catherine@cogesaf.qc.ca