Physique statistique Frédéric CAUPIN.

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Transcription de la présentation:

Physique statistique Frédéric CAUPIN

Introduction Physique Statistique (L3) ENS-Lyon UCBL (Lyon 1) Frédéric Caupin Introduction

gaz parfait : PV = n R T=N kB T Le nombre d’Avogadro NA = 6,02214199 x 1023 mol-1 gaz parfait : PV = n R T=N kB T P=0,1 MPa T=300K 1 L de gaz : 2,4 1022 particules 1 verre d’eau = 0,1 kg/(18 g/mol) = 3,3 1024 particules nb d’étoiles dans l’univers  1022

Pourquoi statistique ? “As long as we have to deal with only two molecules, and have all the data given us, we can calculate the result of their encounter; but when we have to deal with millions of molecules, each of which has millions of encounters in a second, the complexity of the problem seems to shut out all hope of a legitimate solution. […] We cannot, therefore, ascertain the actual motion of any one of these molecules; so that we are obliged to abandon the strict historical method, and to adopt the statistical method of dealing with large groups of molecules.” Maxwell à 24 ans Maxwell, Molecules, a Lecture delivered before the British Association at Bradford Nature 8, 437-41 (1873)

Plan du cours Cinétique des gaz les débuts de la physique statistique Théorie de l’information entropie de Shannon, codage optimal Ensemble microcanonique système isolé : N, V et E fixés Ensemble canonique équilbre avec un thermostat Ensemble grand-canonique système ouvert Statistiques quantiques fermions et bosons Applications