Droits humains et soins obstétricaux d’urgence This presentation is based on the article: Freedman LP. 2001. Using human rights in maternal mortality programs: From analysis to strategy. Int J Gyn Obstet 75: 51–60. EmOC Learning Resource Package
Pourquoi utiliser une approche des droits humains pour réduire la mortalité maternelle ? Les droits humains sont des normes internationales que les gouvernements ont acceptées et qu’ils sont tenus de suivre Les droits humains cernent les forces qui empêchent de changer des choses inacceptables Les droits humains signifient vision différente de l’ être humain pour restructurer les pouvoirs nécessaires aux fins de changement Human rights are international standards that governments have accepted as binding upon them and in their countries. Health is driven by the social and cultural contexts in which the system of standards exists. Human rights identify the forces that keep unacceptable things from changing, for example, maternal death during pregnancy and childbirth is unacceptable, but the forces that cause these deaths can be changed. Human rights means using a different vision of human well-being to call for the re-arrangements of power necessary for change. Droits humains et SOU EmOC Learning Resource Package
Exemples de problèmes relevant des droits humains avant et pendant la grossesse Grossesse non souhaitée à cause du manque d’accès à la contraception Avortement à risques Complications pendant la grossesse Retard pour aller consulter les soins : manque d’information sur les lieux et horaires pour aller se faire soigner, faible statut des femmes, pauvreté Retard pour se rendre à l’établissement adéquat : manque de moyen de transport et mauvaise infrastructure de communication Retard pour recevoir les soins : attitudes des prestataires de soins, prix élevés des médicaments, de l’équipement et des fournitures There are factors that put some women at risk of maternal mortality, including unwanted pregnancy due to lack of access to contraception or due to forced intercourse. Unsafe abortions, which stem from unwanted pregnancies, account for as much as 25% of maternal deaths in the world. Once a woman is pregnant, physiological factors such as a small pelvis increase individual risk of complications. Once complications start, there are factors that can prevent a woman from receiving the care than can save her life. The delay to seek care, in getting to the appropriate facility and in receiving care are all problems. Droits humains et SOU EmOC Learning Resource Package
Principes fondamentaux et valeurs de l’approche des droits humains Chaque personne, chaque femme, homme ou enfant mérite d’être traité avec dignité La dignité, en santé, ce n’est pas seulement prévenir le décès et la maladie, mais elle concerne également la manière dont les individus, les communautés et les sociétés obtiennent et maintiennent un niveau de santé The Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948 states that every person, whether woman, man or child, deserves to be treated with dignity and that “everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms…without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.” Questions of process and interaction are also critical attributes of the right to health. So, dignity in health is not only about preventing death and disease, but also about the way individuals, communities and societies engage in the process of obtaining and maintaining a standard of health. Droits humains et SOU EmOC Learning Resource Package
Comment appliquer les principes des droits humains à la réduction de la mortalité maternelle Droit à la santé : Chaque personne a “le droit à un état de santé physique et mentale du plus haut niveau possible.” – Article 12, Traité international sur les Droits économiques, sociaux et culturels Réaliser le droit : Conformément à leur obligation de respecter le droit à la santé, les états doivent prendre les “mesures adéquates” en vue de la “réalisation progressive” du droit et doivent le faire avec le “maximum de ressources disponibles.” Mesure adéquate : Soins obstétricaux d’urgence The right to health, according to the committee that oversees compliance with this covenant, is not equal to the right to be healthy. Individual choices affect health too. Droits humains et SOU EmOC Learning Resource Package
Utiliser les principes des droits humains dans les programmes de mortalité maternelle Les droits humains peuvent influencer les programmes de santé à de nombreux niveaux Individuel : Changer la manière dont sont traités les patients et les prestataires Institutionnel : Aider l’établissement à mieux fonctionner grâce à l’engagement communautaire Systémique : Traiter les facteurs généraux qui exercent une influence Using formal legal mechanisms at the international and national level is just one way to incorporate human rights into maternal mortality programs. Human rights can also shape specific activities within health programs at multiple levels. At the individual level, it changes the way that patients and providers are treated. At the institutional level, community participation and dynamics of accountability can help the health facility to work better. At the systemic level, human rights can address the impact of international actors and global forces. Droits humains et SOU EmOC Learning Resource Package
Droits humains dans le contexte clinique Disponibilité des ressources humaines, de l’équipement et des médicaments Comment les services sont dispensés : Dignité : Intimité et respect Non-discrimination : Eliminer les barrières sociales et culturelles qui limitent l’accès aux soins Identifier les actions qui violent ces droits Analysis of human rights issues within the clinical setting has been developed most fully in relation to family planning services: the right to complete information about contraceptive methods and the freedom to choose a method. When dealing with obstetric emergencies, the application is different. The first principle has to be improved access to the services that will save the woman’s life. 24-hour emergency readiness: Availability of human resources, equipment and drugs and the ability to mobilize these on an urgent basis How services are delivered: Two key human rights values are human dignity and non-discrimination. These values apply first to the patient and then to their families, but also to hospital staff. Droits humains et SOU EmOC Learning Resource Package
Approche AMDD aux droits humains Cerner les lois sur les droits humains et les principes, ainsi que les valeurs sous-jacentes Se demander comment ces lois/principes/ valeurs changeraient la manière dont fonctionne l’établissement Définir les mesures concrètes nécessaires pour faciliter un tel fonctionnement Although the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights states that everyone has the right to health, it is naïve to suppose that this right can be met by signing a treaty. Once an issue is recognized as a human right, there is a legal obligation to take steps toward realizing that right and the factors related to it. For example, every woman should have access to the services that will save her life. Although this is a recognized right, the values that underlie it relate not to the availability of services but to the way services are delivered. Human dignity and non-discrimination are two values that are relevant to all the human interactions that occur in a facility. But what does it actually mean to apply these values in a facility and how would it change the way a facility functions? Within the AMDD program, some projects are looking at hospital design and building renovation not only in terms of infection prevention measures and financial considerations, but also in terms of how the physical arrangements of things such as toilets and rooms will affect the privacy of patients and the well-being of providers. Changing the arrangement of facilities while considering these issues will help the facility function better on a variety of levels. Then, ask how these factors will change the way facilities function. Droits humains et SOU EmOC Learning Resource Package
Approche sur “l’ensemble du site” Toutes les interactions humaines comptent dans l’établissement Comment pouvons-nous créer des conditions qui facilitent le respect des droits humains ? Etre axé TANT sur les patients QUE sur les prestataires Droits humains et SOU
Conditions favorisantes x Facteurs sociétaux Système structurel/sanitaire x Gestion de l’établissement Patient Prestataire Expertise technique Look at the factors that affect patients and providers. x Facteurs personnels x Droits humains et SOU EmOC Learning Resource Package
Accès universel aux soins obstétricaux d’urgence La réalisation du droit à la santé signifie que l’on se dirige progressivement vers l’accès universel aux soins obstétricaux d’urgence Our first focus must be on ensuring that high-quality emergency obstetric services are available and accessible to all women who need them. Fulfillment of human rights during pregnancy and childbirth will require change at several levels: in households and communities, in health facilities, and in national and international policies. Droits humains et SOU EmOC Learning Resource Package
Jeu de rôle Groupe 1 : Sketch d’un contact “idéal” entre patient et prestataire(s) dénotant le respect pour les droits humains Groupe 2 : Sketch d’un contact entre patient et prestataire(s) où tout va mal sous l’angle des droits humains Droits humains et SOU