Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies Safety of Dams International Waterways Disputed areas Use of country systems Transparency Accountability ©Michel A. Bouchard 2010

RWANDA BURUNDI-TRANSBOUNDARY MARSHLAND MALI-MINING DEVELOPMENT EXAMPLES: RWANDA BURUNDI-TRANSBOUNDARY MARSHLAND MALI-MINING DEVELOPMENT AFRICA- ERADICATION OF TRYPANOSOMIASIS ©Michel A. Bouchard 2010

CLIMATIC GOVERNANCE ©Michel A. Bouchard 2010

©Michel A. Bouchard 2010

©Michel A. Bouchard 2009

©Michel A. Bouchard 2010

©Michel A. Bouchard 2010

©Michel A. Bouchard 2010

CLIMATIC GOVERNANCE Emerging issue for Africa How to avoid contributing to climate change or help attenuate the problem? How to adapt to a changing and variable climate ? How to integrate resilience to climate variablity and change into development? ©Michel A. Bouchard 2010

INVENTAIRE ET PRIORITÉS Résilience Climatique au Niger REPUBLIQUE DU NIGER ------------------- MINISTERE DE L’ECONOMIE ET DES FINANCES Programme Pilote pour la Résilience Climatique INVENTAIRE ET PRIORITÉS Résilience Climatique au Niger

STOCKTAKING AAND ANALYSIS IN DEPTH STUDIES OF OPTIONS PROGRAMME

5 PRIORITÉS DEVELOP TOOLS OF ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE SUCH AS SEA WHICH INTEGRATE CLIMATE RESILIENCE INTO PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING IMPROVE CLIMATE MODELING AND DOWSCALING CAPABILITIES AND IMPROVE THE DATA BASE FOR CLIMATE LONG RUN VIEW  

5 PRIORITÉS SLM AND IWRM: PROMOTE AND SUSTAIN RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND EROSION CONTROL   DEVELOP AND SET UP AN INSURANCE SYSTEM AND A MUTUAL-COOPERATIVE PRODUCTION SYSTEM FOR AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK

5 PRIORITÉS VENIR EN APPUI À LA CONSOLIDATION ET AU RENFORCEMENT DE LA COORDINATION DES PROGRAMMES, PLANS, INITIATIVES ET STRATÉGIES EN MATIÈRE DE CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES  

CLIMATIC GOVERNANCE TOOLS ? DEVELOPED FOR DEVELOPED BY CLIMATE MAPPER USAID NASA/U.COLORADO CC DATA PORTAL WORLD BANK Numerous incl MCGILL WE-ADAPT SIDA STOCKHOLM ENV. INS. ORCHID DFID CLLIMATE PROOF GTZ POTSDAM INST. CRISTAL IISD PRECIS HADLEY MET CENTER VULNERABILITY ASS JICA +SEVERAL OTHERS ©Michel A. Bouchard 2010

CAN WE COMBINE SEA AND CG TOOLS ? EXAMPLE OF MALI CLIMATE PROOFING AND SEA OF NATIONAL SMALL SCALE IRRIGATION PROGRAMME ©Michel A. Bouchard 2010

COLLAPSE OF GOVERNANCE ©Michel A. Bouchard 2010

ÉVALUATIONS ENVIRONNEMENTALES ET CONFLITS ARMÉS Les impacts des conflits armés sur la qualité de vie, la santé humaine et la diversité biologique en Afrique, Kinshasa, 26-29 mai 2008 ÉVALUATIONS ENVIRONNEMENTALES ET CONFLITS ARMÉS Michel A. Bouchard Al Hamndou Dorsouma

L’environnement est devenu depuis quelques années une préoccupation importante en situation de conflit armé ou de catastrophes naturelles, et une partie du PNUE y est consacré. Environmental Assessment of Armed Conflict has been going on for many years now, especially within « POST CONFLICT » context and even structured organisations such as UNEP-Post Conflict Branch

2. Les préoccupations se sont centrées principalement sur les EFFETS et l’Évaluation des dommages en situation immédiate de la phase Post Conflit , surtout à l’aide de A) DESK STUDIES B) EXPERTISES RAPIDES SUR LES LIEUX

1. POUR ÉVALUER LES DOMMAGES AUX FINS DE COMPENSATION MONÉTAIRE 2. AUX FINS DE GUIDER ET D’ASSISTER LA RECONSTRUCTION ET LA RÉHABILITATION 3. AUX FINS DE PRÉVENTION

Direct environmental impacts: What are the environmental impacts of war? Direct environmental impacts: What are the environmetal impacts of war? Bomb damage Landmines and UXO’s Depleted Uranium Military Waste disposal Troop movements 1. Background information Bomb damage Landmines and UXOs Sabotage of resources Depleted uranium Military waste Troop movements

Indirect environmental impacts: What are the environmental impacts of war? Indirect environmental impacts: Indirect Impacts Refugees Sanctions Collapse of Management Military Exploitation Opportunity costs Use of marginal lands 1. Background information Refugees Sanctions Collapse of management Military exploitation Corruption Use of marginal lands

UNEP post-conflict assessments Post-conflict assessments from 1991 Gulf War:

UNEP post-conflict assessments Post-conflict assessments from 1999 Kosovo conflict: 2000 2000 1999

de P. Haavisto (2005)

Tools Collection of existing environmental information Sharing of information between UN agencies and NGOs GIS and remote sensing analyses Interviews and meetings Site inspections Repeat photography Air, soil, water and vegetation sampling and analyses Review of material received during the missions Expert panel analyses of the results

PRE CONFLIT SYN CONFLIT POST CONFLIT

« REA » méthodes multiples RECONSTRUCTION POST-CONFLIT TYPE PNUE ÉES ÉIE REHAB ASSISTANCE RELIEF « REA » méthodes multiples

SYN-CONFLIT surveillance? Military Ops DEPLOIEMENT CICR CONVENTIONS DE GENÈVE ENMOD

ENVIRONMENTAL INTELLIGENCE PRE-DEPLOIEMENT PRE-CONFLIT ENVIRONMENTAL INTELLIGENCE « ÉES » OU DIAGNOSTIC

©Michel A. Bouchard et A.H. Dorsouma 2008

©Michel A. Bouchard et A.H. Dorsouma 2008 Orbites Landsat 7 ©Michel A. Bouchard et A.H. Dorsouma 2008

©Michel A. Bouchard et A.H. Dorsouma 2008 Landsat 7 - 11 décembre 2001 Perturbations environnementales ©Michel A. Bouchard et A.H. Dorsouma 2008

©Michel A. Bouchard et A.H. Dorsouma 2008

GOLD EXPORT FROM OUGANDA Source: Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development cited by (GRIP 2003)

©Michel A. Bouchard et A.H. Dorsouma 2008 conclusion ©Michel A. Bouchard et A.H. Dorsouma 2008

3 general and unrelated conclusions 1) There is an ambiguous link between development and natural resources endowment 2) There is a link between poverty and environment 3) We need to tools at a new integrated level ©Michel A. Bouchard 2010

DÉVELOPPEMENT ET RESSOURCES NATURELLES? 30 80% 20% 5 ©Michel A. Bouchard 2010

©Michel A. Bouchard 2010

Management and Governance challenges GOUVERNANCE TOOLS MONITORING OBSERVATORY COUNTRIES ECOSYSTEM BASED CHALLENGES

Traditional Natural Resources Management strategies are being challenged while inability to cope with changing conditions lead rapidly to irreversible land degradation. Challenges have changed scales and new factors have compounded the issues: namely demographic growth, climate change, global trade rules and others. New threats and challenges cross national boundaries while still all requiring local-based actions or solutions. Emerging and growing national transboundary issues include urbanisation, migration, land use conflicts and resource-based potential conflicts.

While there are many solutions at various scales, including local based initiatives, and numerous opportunities for developing drylands, two major issues need to be confronted now: Developing resilience to climatic variability Stopping irreversible losses of agricultural capabilities by erosion (loss of soils) Both issues raise questions of the need for integrated MONITORING and GOVERNANCE

MONITORING GOVERNANCE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL OBSERVATION SATELLITALE Agrégation/Sélection Intégration et homogénéisation Diagnostic Suivi/Monitoring sur le long terme OBSERVATION LO CALE OBSERVATION SATELLITALE New tools needed NATIONAL LEVEL LARGE ECOSYSTEM SCALES INTERNATIONAL LEVEL

©Michel A. Bouchard 2010

THANK YOU ©Michel A. Bouchard 2010

Drylands have given the World a profound contribution and legacy, notably the semi-nomadic and associated land tenure and land management practices and associated arts and cultures. Traditional ways of living were capable of coping with numerous vagaries of nature and resilience was the norm. Challenges have changed scales and new factors have compounded the issues: namely demographic growth, climate change, global trade rules and others.

©Michel A. Bouchard 2010

Politique et Critères de performance en matière de Durabilité sociale et environnementale Évaluation environnementale et sociale et systèmes de management Main d’œuvre et conditions de travail Prévention et Réduction de la pollution Hygiène, Sécurité et relations communautaires Acquisition des terres et déplacements forcés ©Michel A. Bouchard 2010

Politique et Critères de performance en matière de Durabilité sociale et environnementale Conservation de la biodiversité et gestion durable des terres Populations autochtones Héritage culturel ©Michel A. Bouchard 2010

Natural resources have fuelled the conflict Liberia is a country with an area of 111 370 km2 Population of 3,3 million Rich forest resources, minerals include diamonds, gold, and iron ore 14 years of civil war have lead to the ruin of the country Country’s rich natural resources have created and fuelled the conflict United Nations sanctions on diamonds and timber

Liberia has a lot of child soldiers

Some IDP´s have moved 7 times 275 000 people in IDP camps Problems in providing freshwater, sanitation and waste management Areas around the IDP camps are subject to a higher environmental impact – such as deforestation as a result of the collection of fuel wood

Monrovia currently has 800 000 inhabitants - its sewage treatment system was designed for a population of 130 000

Lack of electricity is increasing reliance on charcoal and fuel wood

Shifting cultivation (slash and burn) is threatening Liberian forests

New logging roads are part of the illegal timber trade, but are also used by bushmeat hunters

Alluvial diamond mining poses threats to riparian habitat and increases the environmental risks for downstream

UNEP work in Liberia Unregulated sandmining along a river outside Gbarnga and along the coast outside of Monrovia is causing erosion