The Image of Lapland in Early French Travel Descriptions and Their Modern Translations: A functional and discursive analysis Merja Torvinen University of Oulu

Contents Aims Theoretical framework Methods Essential concepts Research material The ideology of the Other in language: some examples and results from the study About the translations

Aims Ideology of the Other in and through language how is the Other construed in text? what is the role of the translator as a mediator of Otherness? a case study: the image of Lapland in French travel literature

Theoretical framework critical text linguistics systemic functional grammar discourse analysis translation studies cultural approach (Lawrence Venuti 1995) sociology of translation (or sociology of translators, Pym 2004)

Methods discourse analysis: themes and discourses functional analysis: roles and processes, modality translation studies: interview with the translator: identifying translation strategy contrastive analysis on functional and semantic level

Essential concepts Otherness and identity (f.ex. Hall 1997, Saïd 1980, Gnisci 1992) Ideology (f.ex. Heikkinen 1999) Discourse (f.ex. Fairclough 1989) Ideology of the Other naturalization of the distinction us/the others, of hierarchies related to power, authority, values.

On the ideological nature of translation… Ideology of faithful translation: translation as another original Revealing ideologies in translation? Translation strategies domesticating/foreignizing translation shifts Obligatory and optional Catford, Huhtala

Research material Jean-François Regnard: Voyage de Laponie (1731) Réginald Outhier: Journal dun voyage au Nord en 1736 & 1737 (1744) Xavier Marmier: Relation du voyage (1842) Translator: Marja Itkonen-Kaila Retki Lappiin (1982) Matka Pohjan perille 1736–1737 Pohjoinen maa luvun Lappia ja Suomea ranskalaisen silmin (1999)

The ideology of the Other (1) Discourses of Other; French exploration; discovering the unknown and exotic, the North Themes appearances, clothing accommodation, livelihoods and traditions Christianity, superstitions and witchcraft education and intellectual capacities personality and character alcohol -> Focus on the differences; creates a homogenous group of the Other

The ideology of the Other (2) Clause as representation: processes Material: around % Mental: % Relational: % Verbal: 5 - 8% Existential: 4 – 11 %

11 Example 1 Regnard Ils venoient troquer de poisson pour du tabac. (Material: Actor) Nous les considérâmes depuis la tête jusquaux pieds; (Mental: Observer) ces hommes sont faits tout autrement que les autres. (Material: Patient) La hauteur des plus grands nexcéde pas trois coudées; (Material: Patient) & je ne vois pas de figure plus propre à faire rire. (Mental: Knower) Ils ont la tête grosse, le visage large & plat, le nez écrasé, les yeux petits, la bouche large, une barbe épaisse (Relational: Possessor) qui leur pend sur lestomac. (Material: Location) He olivat tulleet vaihtamaan kalaa tupakkaan. (Material: Actor) Tarkastelimme heitä kiireestä kantapäähän (Mental: Observer/Sensed) ja totesimme, (Mental: Knower) että nämä ihmiset on tehty toisella lailla kuin muut. (Material: Patient) Kookkaimmatkaan heistä eivät ole kolmea kyynärää pitempiä, (Relational: Carrier/Attribute) enkä ole hullunkurisempia olentoja nähnyt. (Mental: Senser/Sensed) Heillä oli iso pää, leveät ja litteät kasvot, litistynyt nenä, pienet silmät, leveä suu ja vatsalle asti roikkuva tuuhea parta. (Relational: Possessor)

The ideology of the Other (3) Clause as representation: roles Actor (causer, patient, beneficiary, maleficiary) Senser (thinker, observer, knower, sensed) Carrier/Attribute; Identified/Identifier; Possessor/Possession; Circumstance Sayer (asker, commentator, teller) Existent

13 Example 2 Outhier Le Lundi matin, il sest trouvé dans la Cour de cette Maison, un Lappon & une Lappone: (Existential: Existent) cétoit deux personnes mal faites, presque toujours assis sur leurs talons, (Relational: Carrier/Attribute) qui mandioient; (Material: Actor) ils nauroient pas été extrémement petits (Relational: Carrier/Attribute; modal) sils se fussent tenus debout. (Material: Actor) Maanantaiaamuna talon pihalla oli lappalaispariskunta. (Existential: Existent) Molemmat olivat kitukasvuisia (Relational: Carrier/Attribute) ja istuivat melkein koko ajan kyykkysillään kerjäämässä; (Material: Actor) seisoallaan he eivät olisi näyttäneet niin surkean lyhyiltä. (Mental: Sensed; modal)

The ideology of the Other (4) Clause as exchange: modality Modality types: Probability Usuality Obligation Inclination Orientation: Subjective Objective Explicit Implicit

15 Example 3 Marmier Les Lapons qui conduisent leurs rennes à sept ou huit milles de distance (vingt et une ou vingt-quatre lieues) (Material) viennent une ou deux fois par mois à léglise. (Material) [---] Cest là (Relational) quils doivent se marier, baptiser leurs enfans, enterrer leurs morts. (Material: modal) Il y a aussi dans ce village une école (Existential) où les jeunes Lapons doivent venir prendre des leçons (Material: modal) jusquà ce quils soient confirmés. (Material: modal) Lappalaiset, jotka poroineen vaeltavat täältä seitsemän tai kahdeksan peninkulman päähän, (Material) käyvät kirkossa kerran pari kuussa. (Material) [---] Täällä heidän on mentävä naimisiin, kastettava lapsensa ja haudattava vainajansa. (Material: modal) Kylässä on myös koulu, (Existential) jota nuorten lappalaisten on käytävä siihen asti (Material: modal) kunnes pääsevät ripille. (Material)

About the translations Some results from the interview and textual analysis: social context, purpose, readers of the translations translation process and the translators role editor, researcher and expert paratext: introductions, comments, explanations translation strategy features: target-text oriented, reader friendly, minimal change dynamic translation: partial domestication (cf. Venuti 1995) semantic and functional changes

17 Obligatory and optional translation shifts: Some examples Obligatory Category and level shifts: dans la Cour de cette Maison: talon pihalla (structure shift) il sest trouvé: oli (omission, shift of tense) Optional assis sur leurs talons: kyykkysillään (shift of phrasing) mal faites: kitukasvuisia (shift of phrasing) qui mandioient: kerjäämässä (omission, shift of phrasing)

Thank you! Questions, comments,…?