"Circles in the Sky" Martin Giard Directeur de Recherche au CNRS – Université de Toulouse.

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Transcription de la présentation:

"Circles in the Sky" Martin Giard Directeur de Recherche au CNRS – Université de Toulouse

"Circles in the Sky" gas and dust new stars stars with planets comets and asteroïds old stars explode Earth and life

The Milky Way : Our Galaxy

La Voie Lactée = Notre Galaxie:

A distant galaxy far far away

The star's engine is thermonuclear fusion Main Fuel : Hydrogen => Helium Then: Helium => Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen The old star => a "Red Giant" or => a "Supernova"

A dying star : « Planetary nebula »

The Crab supernova : exploded on july 4th 1054 (observed by chinese and native american astronomers) This happens only for big stars (20 x the Sun), and approximately once every 100 years in our Milky-Way

The Crab supernova : In the center of the nebula is a "Pulsar" = a very very dense star spinning at 1800 rpm

Gas and dust expeled from red giants and supernovae disperse in the interstellar space

Then, Gas and dust condense into dark clouds A dark cloud

There are many dark clouds along the Milky-Way :

But we have infrared cameras to look into this :

Dark clouds form new stars The Horse-head nebula in ORION

Many new stars … The Orion nebula => more than 1000 baby stars

Baby stars form planetary disks and planets ORION

Then the star light evaporates dust and gas around

A globular cluster Stars grow old and become red

Each galaxy contains 100 billions of stars !

There are billions of billions of galaxies ?

Often galaxies group together because they are attracted by the unknown "dark matter"

A giant black-hole in the center of our Galaxy the mass of the SUN

A discovery performed with the European VLTs in Chile : VLT = Very Large Telescopes

Building large telescopes required that European scientists from all countries joined together : Belgium, Germany, France, Netherlands, Sweden 1967 : Denmark 1981 : Switzerland 1982 : Italy 2000 : Portugal 2002 : United Kingdom 2004 : Finland 2006 : Spain 2007 : Czech Republic 2008 : Austria ESO : The European Southern Observatory :

ESO : - Headquarter in Munich (Germany) - Big instruments in Chile: => operating the VLTs in Mount Paranal => building ALMA in the Atacama desert (2012) => study the future European ELT (2017)

Astronomers at work at the VLTs: Astronomers at work at the VLTs:

ALMA: the Atacama Large Millimeter Array To study the "invisible sky" Europe + USA + Japan

The European ELT: a 42 m telescope

The End

Un télescope de 100 mètres de diamètres

Le radio-télescope dArécibo:

Methode Scientifique: Mesure et Théorie : un peu de philosophie scientifique… - Quest ce que la méthode scientifique ? - Quest ce quune bonne théorie ? Principe: Les mêmes causes produisent les mêmes effets => On peut faire des expériences reproductibles 1/ Une théorie qui explique des observations variées et compliquées à partir de quelques principes simples 2/ Une théorie qui est capable de faire des prédictions

- Exemple dune bonne théorie : La loi de la gravitation de Newton: - Explique la chute des pommes et le mouvement de la Lune ! - Permet de calculer la quantité de carburant à mettre dans les fusées et de les piloter. -En 1846 Le Verrier prédit lexistence dune 10 ième planète à partir des mouvements dUranus => J. Galle découvre Neptune 5 jours plus tard

- Exemple dune mauvaise théorie : Les « Petits hommes verts » - Bon : un principe simple qui explique des observations très différentes: les OVNIs, les champs de maïs coupés, les vaches affolées, etc …. - Mauvais : na jamais permis de prédire lapparition dun OVNI

Pour sintéresser à lUnivers: oublier ses préjugés => La physique de linfiniment grand peut rarement se comparer à la physique de nos 5 sens. Exemples : => Quy avaitil avant le big-bang ? => Quy avait il autour du big-bang ? => A quoi ressemble un trou noir ? => Quest ce que la courbure de lUnivers ? => Le photon est il une particule ou une onde ? => Les particules sont elles vraiment matérielles ?