Supervised by: - Dr. ABOUDRARE Realised by : Yassine ADRAB Academic year : CERES - WHEAT National School of Agriculture Meknès Department of Agronomy and Plant Improvement KINGDOM OF MOROCCO Ministry of Agriculture, Maritime Fisheries, Rural Development and Waters and Forests Science and Technology of Plant Productions

PLAN 2 1 MODEL DESCRIPTION 2 PURPOSE 3 Les quantités exportées du sol LA FERTILISATION DES AGRUMES 3 OVERVIEW OF MODEL OPERATIONS 4 INPUT PARAMETERS 6 CONCLUSION

PLAN 3 5 OUTPUT PARAMETERS 6 VALIDATION OF THE MODEL 3 Les quantités exportées du sol LA FERTILISATION DES AGRUMES 7 MODEL APPLICATIONS 8 6 CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION

MODEL DESCRIPTION CERES-Wheat Model The CERES-Wheat model simulates phenological development of the crop, growth of grains, leaves, stems, and roots; biomass accumulation based on light interception and environmental stresses; soil water balance; and soil N transformations and uptake by the crop. 5

PURPUSE CERES-Wheat Model The CERES-Wheat model was designed to simulate the effects of cultivar, planting density, weather, soil water, and nitrogen on crop growth, development, and yield. 6

The Power of PowerPoint | thepopp.com 8 OVERVIEW OF MODEL OPERATIONS The model can be run in three modes 1 Single treatment simulation 2 Multiple treatment simulation 3 Multiple-year run

INPUT PARAMETERS CERES- Wheat Model 9 WEATHER (Hunt et al., 2001) INPUT Daily solar radiation, Maximum air temperature, minimum air temperature, Precipitation SOIL (Hunt et al., 1993) INPUT Drainage Runoff coefficients, First-stage evaporation Initial soil water MAIN MANAGEMENT (Godwin and Singh, 1998) INPUT Plant population, p Planting depth, Date of planting Latitude

OUTPUT PARAMETERS The Power of PowerPoint | thepopp.com 12 CERES model can simulate following parameters: Environmental and stress factors at different growth stages Crop and soil status at main development stages Main growth and development variables Environmental factors Water balance Nitrogen balance Organic matter

CALIBRATION The Power of PowerPoint | thepopp.com 13

VALIDATION The Power of PowerPoint | thepopp.com 14 SUMMARY MEASURES include the mean of observed values (0) and predicted values (P), the standard deviations of observations (So) and the predictions (Sp), the slope (a) and intercept (b) of the least-squares regression: Pi = a + b * 0i DIFFERENCE MEASURES It try to locate and quantify errors. The latter includes the mean absolute error (MAE), the mean bias error (MBE), and the root mean square error (RMSE). Mean Absolute Error: MAE = S | Pi - 0i | Mean Bias Error: MBE = S (Pi - 0i) /n Root Mean Square Error: RMSE=S(Pi-0i)2/n

VALIDATION The Power of PowerPoint | thepopp.com 15 Leaf area index (LAI) at maximum Anthesis date Number of grains per m2 at maturity Grain yield N uptake in the above ground plant parts at maturity N uptake by the crop at anthesis Total above ground dry matter at maturity Maturity date Dry matter at anthesis Individual grain weight at maturity Grain protein percentages N content of the grain

EXEMPLE The Power of PowerPoint | thepopp.com 16 Calibration & validation

MODEL OPERATIONS CERES- Wheat Model 17 Management and cropping strategies Predicting yield Drought indexing Predicting climate impacts on growth and yield

MODEL OPERATIONS CERES- Wheat Model 18 Irrigation Drainage Nitrogen uptake Water flow and solute transport

MODEL OPERATIONS CERES- Wheat Model 19 Fertilizer Root growth Pest modeling

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BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES 21 Anil Kumar Singh, Rojalin Tripathy, Usha Kiran Chopra, 2008 « Evaluation of CERES-Wheat and CropSyst models for water–nitrogen interactions in wheat crop», agricultural water management 95 (2008 ) 776 – 786 David B. Lobell, J. Ivan Ortiz-Monasterio, 2006«Evaluating strategies for improved water use in spring wheat with CERES», agri cul t u r a l water management 84 ( 2006 ) 249 – 258 D. Godwin, J. Ritchie, U. Singh, L. Hunt, 1991 «A user’s guide to CERES Wheat V 2.1» Second edition, International Benchmark Sites Network for Agrotechnology Transfer