“Confidential –Internal Halliburton Use Only. © 2004 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.” Stimulation Techniques Fracturing Fluids Proppants

“Confidential –Internal Halliburton Use Only. © 2004 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.” Selection of Materials Fracturing Fluids  What type of fluid?  What temp? What pump time? What formation?  How “thick” of fluid (viscosity)?  What additives are required? Sand or Proppant  How much closure stress?  What kind of production fluid?  How much production?

“Confidential –Internal Halliburton Use Only. © 2004 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.” Frac Stages  Pad (can also have pre-pad)  Why?  How much (efficiency)?  Sand-laden  Flush  What kind?  How much?

“Confidential –Internal Halliburton Use Only. © 2004 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.” Trend of Frac Base Fluids

“Confidential –Internal Halliburton Use Only. © 2004 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.” Oil Fluids Advantages Non-damaging to clays Low interfacial tension Compatible with formation fluids Batch or continuous mix But…expensive, hazardous, harder to control fluid properties

“Confidential –Internal Halliburton Use Only. © 2004 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.” Water Fluid Advantages Safe Available Economical Batch or continuous mix Controlled break times Broad temperature range but…compatibility issues

“Confidential –Internal Halliburton Use Only. © 2004 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.” Foam Frac Fluids Typically 60 to 80% N2 or CO2 Good viscosity Good temperature stability Good proppant transport Good fluid loss control Low water on formation Minimum damage fluid

“Confidential –Internal Halliburton Use Only. © 2004 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.”

Frac Demonstration “Double Blind” volunteer

“Confidential –Internal Halliburton Use Only. © 2004 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.” Propping Agents Stimulation Techniques

“Confidential –Internal Halliburton Use Only. © 2004 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.” Fractures in Place What are fracture channels like after the treatment? Can you be sure the fractures have enough conductivity? Will fracture-fluid conductivity change w/ time?

“Confidential –Internal Halliburton Use Only. © 2004 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.” Open Fracture During Pumping Closed Fracture With Proppant Closed Fracture Without Proppant Fracturing Concepts

“Confidential –Internal Halliburton Use Only. © 2004 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.” Propping Agents What type of propping agent will give the best results? Does increasing concentration increase the resultant productivity? Is there any danger in overflushing fluid at the end of the treatment? What is the permeability of the propping agent when left in the fracture?

“Confidential –Internal Halliburton Use Only. © 2004 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.” Fracture Damage Mechanisms  Crushing  Embedment  Unbroken Gel and residue (filter cakes)  Formation fines

“Confidential –Internal Halliburton Use Only. © 2004 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.” 4 Main Groups of Proppants  Sand (natural, well sorted grains)  Resin-coated (each grain is coated in resin)  Intermediate Strength – manmade proppant  High Strength – manmade bauxite

“Confidential –Internal Halliburton Use Only. © 2004 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.” Natural Proppant Types Sands  Ottawa - monocrystalline  Brady (Hickory) - polycrystalline  Colorado  Arizona Resin-Coated Sands  Pre-cured - adds strength to sand  Curable - locks the grains together

“Confidential –Internal Halliburton Use Only. © 2004 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.” Manmade Proppant Types  Intermediate-strength ceramic  Intermediate-strength bauxite  High-strength bauxite  All can be Resin coated

“Confidential –Internal Halliburton Use Only. © 2004 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.” Crushed Sand Uncrushed Sand Fracturing Concepts

“Confidential –Internal Halliburton Use Only. © 2004 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.” Sand Resin Coated Sand Inter.-Strength Ceramic Inter.-Strength Bauxite High-Strength Bauxite Closure Stress (psi) Proppant Type vs. Closure Stress

“Confidential –Internal Halliburton Use Only. © 2004 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.” Fracture Conductivity Maximize by type

“Confidential –Internal Halliburton Use Only. © 2004 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.” Multiple Layer Pack Complete Monolayer Pack Partial Monolayer Pack Fracturing Concepts

“Confidential –Internal Halliburton Use Only. © 2004 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.” Fracture width (inches) Sand concentration (lb/ft 2 ) Sand Concentration vs Fracture Width

“Confidential –Internal Halliburton Use Only. © 2004 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.” Fracture Conductivity by concentration 20/40 mesh Ottawa sand

“Confidential –Internal Halliburton Use Only. © 2004 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.” Conductivity Maximize by Size (Ottawa sand)

“Confidential –Internal Halliburton Use Only. © 2004 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.” Embedment with Spalling Fracturing Concepts

“Confidential –Internal Halliburton Use Only. © 2004 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.” open area of flow in center of proppant pack lost area of flow along fracture face Propped Fracture with Gel Filter Cakes Fluid Leak-off Generates Filter Cake Bulk Gel in Pack Filter Cake Removal is Treated Separately

“Confidential –Internal Halliburton Use Only. © 2004 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.” * Recent Advances in Hydraulic Fracturing page 123 Polymer Induced Damage

“Confidential –Internal Halliburton Use Only. © 2004 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.” Proppant pack covered with gel residue

“Confidential –Internal Halliburton Use Only. © 2004 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.” The Last Slide Questions??