Les auxiliaires modaux les modaux sont utilisés pour que celui qui parle puisse : exprimer son degré de certitude par rapport à une situation donnée. 2) exprimer son jugement ou faire pression sur le sujet (grammatical). Les modaux sont : can, could, must, may, might, shall, should, will, would.

– de 's à la troisième personne du singulier. Les modaux n'ont pas de : – forme infinitive, – de temps composé, – de 's à la troisième personne du singulier. chaque auxilaire modal se place avant le verbe lexical, c’est-à-dire le verbe qui porte le sens Il se place devant la base verbale sans to Ex: I can speak English, you should write those examples, you must work during the English courses

1/ Exprimer son degré de certitude par rapport à une situation donnée Modaux Nature exemple Can Can’t Possibilité impossibilité You can speak English You Can’t learn Russian in 2 months Could You could improve your English if you’d go to England Will Certitude If you work, you will succeed Might Possibilité / Probabilité (faible) Learning Chinese might be easy May Probabilité You may become bilingual if you spend one year in the US Must Forte probabilité You must learn foreign languages when you travel abroad la modalité peut aussi s'exprimer avec des adverbes  probably, certainly, perhaps, ... expressions  be certain, be likely, be unlikely, be improbable, ...

2/ Exprimer son jugement ou faire pression sur le sujet Modaux Nature exemple Can Can’t Capacité Incapacité Yes, we can! / If you want to do it, you can You can’t succeed if you don’t work Could Capacité , suggestion I sure you could improve your English Will Volonté, ordre You will arrive on time to classes Shall Ordre, obligation (loi, règlement) « Thou shalt / shallt not kill », you shall obey the professor Might suggestion You might read more English books to improve your skills May Permission You may take a break after having worked hard Must Mustn’t Obligation morale Interdiction You must respect your classmates and teachers You mustn’t be rude to your professors Should Recommandation, conseil You should concentrate and work during the English class Ought to Conseil (fort), obligation morale Students ought to behave in class especially when they are at university Needn’t Absence d’obligation You needn’t worry about your grades

Permission : be allowed to ( not to be allowed to) il existe des substituts de modaux bien pratiques qui permettent d’établir une constation (plutôt qu’émettre un jugement) Capacité à accomplir une action à un moment donné : be able to (  not to be able to / be unable to) Because students are motivated, the professor was able to present many interesting topics. Because we were late, we were not able / unable to finish the lesson. Permission : be allowed to ( not to be allowed to) John was not allowed to come inside the classroom because he arrived 35 minutes late. Obligation : have to (  not to have to) You will have to work hard on the exercise I’m about to give you if you want to be given a break or to leave earlier

Should (should not /shouldn’t) Ought to ( ought not to ) To be able to write about the fundamental rights each citizen in a democracy should be given, you’ll need the following modals or expressions: Should (should not /shouldn’t) Ought to ( ought not to ) must ( musn’t) will ( will not / won’t) Shall ( shall not) have to ( don’t have to / haven’t to) be able to be allowed to