Standard International pour la Collecte Durable de Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales (PAM) Sauvages (ISSC-MAP) The joint initiative of the IUCN Medicinal Plants Specialist Group, WWF/TRAFFIC and the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN) to develop an International Standard for Sustainable Wild Collection of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (ISSC-MAP) started in 2004. During this summer the Steering Group has been replaced by an extended Decision Board, which includes expertise from industry and certifiers and broadens the regional expertise. This lectures explains the background and needs for such a standard and outlines the process and achievements to-date. Wolfgang Kathe, wolfgang.kathe@m-h-s.org Sylvia Winkler, sw@imo.ch

ISSC-MAP: Vise l‘espèce, pas le produit! Utilisation des PAM Alimentation Médecine Produits cosmetiques ISSC-MAP: Vise l‘espèce, pas le produit! A variety of products offered on the market is plant-based. In many cases the use of botanical raw material is much cheaper than to use chemical alternative substances. As a consequence there is an enormous demand in botanicals resulting in a huge trade on local, regional, national and international level. Medicinal and aromatic plants are used for food, medicines, cosmetics and spices. Often one plant species is used for several purposes, a fact that complicates the analysis of trade data. From the perspective of conservation we look at the plant species rather than at its end uses (species oriented approach). Épices Source: U. Schippmann

Quelques nombres 50,000 – 70,000 espèces vegetales servent à fabriquer des médicaments à l’échelle mondiale Quelques 3,000 espèces PAM sont commercialisées au marché international Pression sur les Sources: App. 15,000 espèces PAM sont en péril (selon l’UICN) Why is a standard for wild collection useful and needed for MAP conservation? A look at some figures shows the important role of medicinal and aromatic plants: Medicinal and aromatic plants have been an important resource for human health care from prehistoric times to the present day. 50,000-70,000 MAP species are estimated to be used in traditional and modern medicine throughout the world. About 3,000 MAP species are traded internationally. An even higher number is traded locally and nationally. Is there a problem? Over-harvesting, land conversion, and habitat loss increasingly threaten a considerable portion of the world’s MAP species and populations: according to the latest estimation of Uwe Schippmann about 15,000 MAP species may be threatened with extinction world-wide. Utilization and commerce of wild plant resources are not detrimental in themselves, but, a growing pressure on plant populations in the wild can be observed.

!Faisons de la récolte de PAM sauvages une entreprise durable! Quelques 900 espèces PAM sont cultivées Out of the several thousand species in international trade only a very few hundred MAP species are sourced from commercial cultivation. The main reason for this low number is that domestication is costly and time-consuming. For most species domestication is not commercially viable. Therefore the majority of MAP species is still collected from the wild and will be in the future. The main challenge for conservation of MAP is therefore to make their collection sustainable! Wild collection generally takes place in countries with low income level where wild collection is often an additional or even the only income. Wild-collection also supports the conservation of traditional knowledge and cultural identity. Photo: Yan Zhijian La plupart des espèces PAM est encore cueillie dans la nature – cela ne changera pas profondément à l’avenir immédiat La domestication et la culture ne sont pas les solutions clefs contre la surexploitation!

Directive Conservation OMS Directive BPAR OMS UICN WWF Directive Conservation Directives sur la conservation, production, et contrôle de qualité relatives aux PAM Le lien manquant: Standard = série de règles pour définir, mettre en place et évaluer des bonnes pratiques de gestion ? ? Why is a standard useful and needed for MAP? A variety of principles and guidelines already exists, e.g. the IUCN-WWF-WHO “Guidelines on the Conservation of Medicinal Plants”, the WHO “Good Agricultural and Collection Practice”, the EMEA paper “Points to Consider”. They address primarily the national and international political level, but only indirectly provide the medicinal plant industry and other stakeholders, including collectors, with specific guidance on sustainable sourcing practices. For example the revised WHO/IUCN/WWF/TRAFFIC Guidelines will provide general principles addressed primarily to governments and other political stakeholders, NGOs, international government organizations and businesses worldwide. There is a deficit and need for the development of a concrete standard and criteria as a practical interface between the general principles set out in the guidelines and the management plans that must be developed for particular species and specific situations. The missing link is a standard that will bridge the gap between existing broad conservation guidelines and management plans developed for specific local conditions. Plans de Gestion des espèces et regions Griffe du Diable Namibia Arnica Roumanie Aquilaria Asie-SE Boldo Chile

ISSC-MAP – Mission Assurer la durabilité des plantes aromatiques et médicinales (PAM) dans leurs habitats naturels, en respectant les traditions, les cultures et les vies de tous les acteurs. During an advisory group meeting on the Isle of Vilm in December 2004 participants agreed on the mission and objectives of the standard. The objectives were slightly changed during the 2nd Vilm workshop in December 2005.

Développement 2004-2006 Réalisation 2007- … ISSC-MAP Développement 2004-2006 Réalisation 2007- … Adopter (poli- tique / législation) Homme & Politique Tester Certification Development The first public working draft of the ISSC-MAP (MPSG 2006) is the result of a 2year development phase (2004-2006). The text of the standard incorporates comments from an international, interdisciplinary advisory group bringing together the medicinal plant/herbal products industry, small-scale collection enterprises, non-government organizations, conservation and certification organizations; as well as feedback from relevant conferences where the ISSC-MAP has been presented and other stakeholder consultations. field consultations to test the relevance and practicality of the second draft standard, undertaken in five MAP field projects in 2005. The projects were selected from different geographical regions, offering a range of socio-economic and resource management circumstances. (Iracambi Medicinal Plants Project, Mata Atlantica, Brazil (financed by Manfred-Hermsen-Foundation); Medicinal and Aromatic Plants – Wild Collection and Sustainable Use, BiH (financed by BfN/INA and SIPPO); Community-based agro-artesanal producers’ association (AAPPSME) in Ecuador (financed by UNCTAD, with contribution of Manfred-Hermsen-Foundation); WWF and TRAFFIC China project in Sichuan (financed by WWF Germany); Devil’s Claw Project, CRIAA, Namibia (financed by SALUS Haus Germany). A final field consultation, focusing on community-managed collection areas for medicinal plants in India is to be carried out in Nov-Dec 2006 by FRLHT, India – funded by Plantlife International.). Implementation Potential implementation strategies for the ISSC-MAP have been analyzed in a study conducted in early 2006. Based on the results of this study four priority strategies that will provide a broad range of models and practical experiences in applying the ISSC-MAP have been identified in a recent Steering Group meeting: Certification (Independent certification or labelling schemes backed by governments, NGOs, or certification bodies; industry driven certification) Resource management (species and area level) Legal adoption and policy (e.g. Incorporation in government policies like national resource management plans; EU Reg. on organic farming) Voluntary Codes of Practice (e.g. industry or trade associations). Additional strategies identified are Development Cooperation (Project design) CITES (non-detriment assessments) Information and Training (cross-cutting issue) ISSC-MAP Esquisser Plante Produit Consulter Code volontaire de bonnes pratiques Gestion des sources Conférences

Structure de l‘organisation – Réalisation Coordination Communication Diriger Secrétariat Acquisition de fonds Décision finale Gestion du Standard ISSC-MAP Comité de Décision Moving from the development to the implementation phase of the ISSC-MAP existing governance and management structures have been agreed on in a strategic meeting of the fromer Steering Group and Advisory Group members. The original Steering Group and Advisory Group will be expanded and differentiated into four new structures: A secretariat, housed within WWF Germany and TRAFFIC A decision board, adding to the original steering group certification and industry expertise, and expanding regional expertise A technical board, which will advise the decision board on specific issues related to implementation and further development of the standard Ad hoc task groups to provide expertise on specific issues, such as those related to particular species of MAP Comité Technique Implémentation dans des projets choisis Questions spécifiques / recherche Groupes de travail; autres experts

Version Finale (2006): 6 Principes Préserver les sources naturelles des PAM Exigences pour la récolte et pour la conservation Éviter des conséquences négatives sur l’environnement The ISSC-MAP addresses social and economic factors, but focuses on ecological aspects that are often neglected: resource assessments and sustainable yields. The current working draft has 6 principles and 18 criteria. Each criterion is supported by a set of proposed indicators and forms of control, or verification. Some elements of the ISSC-MAP will require additional definition and guidance. For example, tools and processes for assessing sustainable yield are essential to the effective implementation of the ISSC-MAP. During a workshop hosted by BfN and the University of Koblenz-Landau on the Isle of Vilm in September tools and processes available, and their relevance to medicinal and aromatic plants were discussed. Results from this workshop will be incorporated in guidance for applying the ISSC-MAP. Respecter les lois, directives et conventions Provisions légales et exigences éthiques Respecter les droits traditionnels Appliquer des pratiques de gestion responsable Pratiques de gestion et du commerce Appliquer des pratiques de commerce responsable

Site Web du Projet ISSC-MAP www.floraweb.de/map-pro Comité de Décision: Danna J. Leaman (IUCN-SSC Medicinal Plant Specialist Group) (MPSG) Susanne Honnef (WWF Germany and TRAFFIC) Uwe Schippmann (German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation) Giridhar A. Kinhal (Foundation for the Revitalization of Local Health Traditions, India) Rainer Bächi (Institute for Market Ecology IMO, Switzerland) Josef Brinckmann (Traditional Medicinals Inc., USA) Ximena Buitrón Cisneros (IUCN MPSG) The joint initiative of the IUCN Medicinal Plants Specialist Group, WWF/TRAFFIC and the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN) to develop an International Standard for Sustainable Wild Collection of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (ISSC-MAP) started in 2004. During this summer the Steering Group has been replaced by an extended Decision Board, which includes expertise from industry and certifiers and broadens the regional expertise. This lectures explains the background and needs for such a standard and outlines the process and achievements to-date. Secrétariat: Britta Pätzold, Susanne Honnef (WWF Germany and TRAFFIC)