Approches formelles en syntaxe et sémantique Alain Lecomte UMR 7023 Structures Formelles de la Langue.

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Transcription de la présentation:

Approches formelles en syntaxe et sémantique Alain Lecomte UMR 7023 Structures Formelles de la Langue

1- Chomsky, 1998 We are taking the language L to be a way of computing expressions, a recursive definition of a set EXP. (i) a set of features (ii) principles for assembling features into lexical items Thus, UG might postulate that FL provides: (iii) operations that apply successively to form syntactic objects of greater complexity; call them CHL, the computational system for human language

quel but? En partant dun exemple… Which book do you think that Mary read? Énumération: which, book, Mary, think, that, you, do Dérivation Forme « phonologique »Forme « logique » /wit bukduju ink ǽtmerired/ quel x, x = livre, tu penses que marie a lu x

2- Executing the Fregean Program réf: Irene Heim & Angelika Kratzer, Semantics in Generative Grammar To know the meaning of a sentence is to know its truth-conditions… Frege on compositionality Saturated vs unsaturated meanings objects vs functions Saturation consists in the application of a function to its arguments

exemple Which book do you think that Mary read? Forme « logique » quel x, x = livre, tu penses que marie a lu x

exemple Which book do you think that Mary read? Forme « logique » a_lu: x:D, y:D {0,1} marie:D penser: x:D, y:t {0,1} tu:D livre: x:D {0,1} quel:?

exemple Forme « logique » a_lu: x:D, y:D {0,1} marie:D penser: x:D, y:t {0,1} tu:D livre: x:D {0,1} quel:? Which x (x = book) do you think that Mary read x

exemple Forme « logique » a_lu(Marie, x) : {0,1} penser: x:D, y:t {0,1} tu:D livre: x:D {0,1} quel:? Which x (x = book) do you think that Mary read x

exemple Forme « logique » a_lu(Marie, x) : {0,1} penser(tu, a_lu(marie, x)) : {0,1} livre: x:D {0,1} quel:? Which x (x = book) do you think that Mary read x

exemple Forme « logique » a_lu(Marie, x): {0,1} penser(tu, a_lu(marie, x)): {0,1} Which x (x = book) do you think that Mary read x ?x livre(x) penser(tu, a_lu(marie, x))

quelques points techniques a_lu: (x:D, y:D) {0, 1} Mais: –a_lu appliqué à x ? a_lu(Arg1, x) ou a_lu(x, Arg2)? –a_lu appliqué à (Le Rouge et le Noir, Marie) a_lu(Marie, RN) ou a_lu(RN, Marie)? a_lu: x. y. a_lu(y, x) »Pas sûr….

exemple Forme « logique » a_lu: z. y. a_lu(y,z) marie:D penser: x. y. penser(y,x) tu:D livre: x.livre(x) quel:? Which x (x = book) do you think that Mary read x

exemple Forme « logique » [ z. y. a_lu(y,z)](x) -> y.a_lu(y, x) tu:D quel:? Which x (x = book) do you think that Mary read x penser: x. y. penser(y,x) livre: x.livre(x)

exemple Forme « logique » tu:D quel:? Which x (x = book) do you think that Mary read x livre: x.livre(x) penser: x. y. penser(y,x) [ y.a_lu(y, x)](Marie) -> a_lu(Marie, x)

exemple Forme « logique » quel:? Which x (x = book) do you think that Mary read x a_lu(Marie, x) penser: [ x. y. penser(y,x)](a_lu(Marie, x) -> y. penser(y, a_lu(Marie, x)) livre: x.livre(x)

exemple Forme « logique » quel:? Which x (x = book) do you think that Mary read x a_lu(Marie, x) livre: x.livre(x) penser: [ y. penser(y, a_lu(Marie, x))](tu) -> penser(tu, a_lu(Marie, x))

après? Forme « logique » quel:? Which x (x = book) do you think that Mary read x livre: x.livre(x) penser: penser(tu, a_lu(Marie, x))

proposition quel:? livre: x.livre(x) penser: penser(tu, a_lu(Marie, x)) x. penser(tu, a_lu(Marie, x)) quel(x, livre(x) penser(tu, a_lu(Marie, x))

proposition quel:? livre: x.livre(x) penser: penser(tu, a_lu(Marie, x)) x. penser(tu, a_lu(Marie, x)) quel(x, livre(x) penser(tu, a_lu(Marie, x)) Une fonction ayant pour arguments deux propriétés et qui retourne une proposition sous forme de question

Différence entre quantificateurs logiques et quantifieurs linguistiques Logique des prédicats: un chat dort: x:chat préfixé à une proposition dort(x) Langue: un chat dort: existe est un opérateur qui prend en argument deux propriétés : existe(x, chat(x) & dort(x))

quel quel: P. Q. ?(x, P(x) & Q(x)) livre: x.livre(x) penser: penser(tu, a_lu(Marie, x)) x. penser(tu, a_lu(Marie, x))

1er pas Q. ?(x, x.livre(x) (x) & Q(x)) livre: x.livre(x) penser: penser(tu, a_lu(Marie, x)) x. penser(tu, a_lu(Marie, x))

1er pas Q. ?(x, livre(x) & Q(x)) penser: penser(tu, a_lu(Marie, x)) x. penser(tu, a_lu(Marie, x))

2ème pas ?(x, livre(x) & x. penser(tu, a_lu(Marie, x)) (x)) penser: penser(tu, a_lu(Marie, x)) x. penser(tu, a_lu(Marie, x))

2ème pas ?(x, livre(x) & penser(tu, a_lu(Marie, x))) penser: penser(tu, a_lu(Marie, x)) x. penser(tu, a_lu(Marie, x))

many problems… Pourquoi labstraction penser: penser(tu, a_lu(Marie, x)) x. penser(tu, a_lu(Marie, x))

many problems… Scope ambiguities… –Tout grenoblois connaît un bon restaurant ou:

many problems… Expressions quantifiées en position objet –Tout grenoblois fait du ski plus « facile » que: –Skier plaît à au moins un grenoblois

pourquoi? SN tout grenoblois SV V fait SN du ski SN Le ski SV V plaît à SN au moins un grenoblois un constituantun non constituant

solutions Un cadre où la notion de constituant est flexibles: –Les Grammaires Catégorielles

une grammaire catégorielle tout: (s/(sn\s))/n : P. Q.(tout(x, P(x) => Q(x)) (ou: ((s/sn)\s)/n) un: (s/(sn\s))/n : P. Q.(existe(x, P(x) & Q(x)) (ou: ((s/sn)\s)/n) élève: n: x. élève(x) chante: sn\s: x. chante(x) le_chant: sn: le_chant plaît_à: sn\s/sn: x. y.plait_à(y, x)

tout : (s/(sn\s))/nélève : n tout élève : s/(sn\s) chante : sn\s tout élève chante : s

tout: (s/(sn\s))/nélève : n tout élève : s/(sn\s) chante : sn\s tout élève chante : s P. Q.(tout(x, P(x) => Q(x)) x. élève(x) Q.(tout(x, élève(x) => Q(x)) x. chante(x) (tout(x, élève(x) => chante(x))

un: ((s/sn)\s)/nélève : n un élève : (s/sn)\s le_chant : sn le chant plait à un élève : s plaît_à: sn\s/sn le chant plaît_à: s/sn

un: ((s/sn)\s)/nélève : n un élève : (s/sn)\s le_chant : sn le chant plait à un élève : s P. Q.(existe(x, P(x) & Q(x)) x. élève(x) Q.(existe(x, élève(x) & Q(x)) le_chant (existe(x, élève(x) & plaît_à(le_chant, x)) plaît_à: sn\s/sn x. y.plait_à(x, y) le chant plaît_à: s/sn y.plait_à(le_chant, y)

quelques problèmes… Pas aussi simple… comment passer de x. y.plait_à(y, x) à x. y.plait_à(x, y)? cf. introduction dhypothèses, déchargement dhypo- thèses etc. Grammaires « de Lambek » : marchent pour extraction périphériques, pbs avec extractions médianes Quel livre as-tu trouvé _ chez le libraire?