Alain Deloire Department of Viticulture and Oenology Stellenbosch University The South African viticulture An overview Bezier,

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1 Alain Deloire ProfessorDeloire@sun.ac.za Department of Viticulture and Oenology Stellenbosch University The South African viticulture An overview Bezier, 9 December 2010

2 Latitude Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean South Africa lies at the southern tip of Africa between 22°S and 35°S Africa SOUTH AFRICA LESOTHO SWAZILAND MOZAMBIC NAMIBIA BOTSWANA Indian Ocean Atlantic Ocean Cape Town 35°S 20°E 25°S 30°S 28°S 34°S 20°E18°E Northern Cape VREDENDAL. Western Cape CAPE TOWN.. ROBERTSON. AGULHA S Orange River Lower Orange. UPINGTON

3 Photos, A. Deloire La côte Ouest Vignobles à Stellenbosch Vignobles, Swartland (Malmesbury) (L’Ormarins) Photos A. Deloire Paysages d’Hermanus – Végétation de type Fynbos

4 - Stellenbosch (17117 h.) ; - Paarl (16673 h.) ; - Malmesbury (14448 h.) ; - Roberston (13994 h.) ; - Breedekloof (12427 h.) ; - Olifants River (9964 h.) ; - Worcester (8658 h.) ; - Orange River (5075 h.) - et Klein Karoo (2904 h.). La surface totale du vignoble hors raisin de table est estimée à 101 259 h. La surface plantée en raisin de table (incluant la production de jus de raisin et de raisin sec) est estimée à 14236 h. (SAWIS, www.sawis.co.za).

5 Bonnardot

6 Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Cas CaCa Cas : temperate humid with cool winter and summer drought and meanT of warmest month > 22°C Bs Bs : semi-arid Bw Bw : arid Köppen type of climate for the weather stations in the wine regions Cbs Cbs : temperate humid with cool winter and summer drought and meanT of warmest month < 22°C

7 Les cultivars blancs et noirs représentent respectivement 56.2% et 43.8% de la production. Les principaux cépages blancs sont: - Chenin blanc (18.4%); - Colombar (11.8%) ; - Sauvignon blanc (9.3%) ; - Chardonnay (8.3%) ; - Muscat d’Alexandrie (2.2%) ; - Sémillon (1.2%) ; - Crouchen (Cape Riesling, 0.7%) ; - Weisser Riesling (0.2%) - et autres (Viognier, Gewürztraminer, … ; 4.1%).

8 Les principaux cépages rouges sont: - Cabernet Sauvignon (12.3%) ; - Syrah (9.9%) ; - Merlot (6.5%) ; - Pinotage (croisement Cinsaut x Pinot noir ; 6%) ; - Ruby Cabernet (2.3%) ; - Cinsaut (2.1%) ; - Cabernet franc (1%) ; - Pinot noir (0.8%) ; - autres (Grenache noir, Carignan, Tempranillo, Barbera, … ; 2.9%).

9 e.g. Stellenbosch meso-climate Topography, slope, aspect, proximity to the sea result in LOCAL AIR CIRCULATION near the coastline V. Bonnardot

10 Sea and land breeze circulations Sea breeze circulation Land breeze circulation V. Bonnardot

11 18 Feb. 2000 Sea breeze effect on temperature 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 123456789101112131415161718192021222324 Time Temperature (°C) 12 152203055 Distance (km) from False Bay or Table Bay Hourly temperature 18 Feb 2000 recorded in the vineyards V. Bonnardot

12 Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean

13 The four climate classes according to the fresh night index (°C) are: Warm night: FNI 1 > 18 Temperate night: FNI 2 = > 14  18 Cool night: FNI 3 = > 12  14 Very cool night: FNI 4 =  12 Tonietto and Carbonneau, 2004 Fresh night index (FNI) is the average of the minimum temperature one month before harvest or during the ripening period.

14 MONTHLY MINIMUM TEMPERATURE OVER DECEMBER-MARCH (2008-2009) Cool night: FNI 3 = > 12  14 Warm night: FNI 1 > 18 Temperate night: FNI 2 = > 14  18 Deloire & Bonnardot, 2009

15 MONTHLY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE OVER DECEMBER-MARCH (2008-2009) Deloire & Bonnardot, 2009

16 2.5 m. 1.2 m. 0.7 m.

17 Epaisseur de la végétation sur sol vigoureux

18 Smart - Dyson

19 Pinotage en Gobelet

20 Annual rainfall : 1064 mm winter : 524 mm summer : 88 mm Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean V. Bonnardot

21 Cape point Vineyard

22 Espalier: Cape point Vineyard

23 Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Malmesbury : Swartland

24 Malmesbury : Swartland, l’Ormarins

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28 Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Malmesbury: North

29 Atlantic Ocean Malmesbury: North

30 Réserve d’eau pour irrigation Malmesbury: North

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33 Annual rainfall : 736 mm winter : 328 mm summer : 67 mm Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean V. Bonnardot

34 Stellenbosch

35 Atlantic Ocean Stellenbosch

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37 Atlantic Ocean Stellenbosch

38 Tourisme et vin

39 Annual rainfall : 778 mm winter : 377 mm summer : 68 mm Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean V. Bonnardot

40 Paarl Photo A. Deloire

41 Paarl (l’Ormarins)

42 Annual rainfall : 277 mm winter : 98 mm summer : 43 mm Eastern margin of the winter rainfall zone Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean

43 BreedeRiver Valley

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46 Robertson

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48 Annual rainfall : 250 mm winter : 42 mm summer : 208 mm Convectional showers in summer & autumn Northern Cape Western Cape Orange River Lower Orange. UPINGTON

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54 “gable” ou “toit incline”

55 Upington (à 800 km environ de Stellenbosch, vers le Sud) Production de raisin de table et raisin sec… Photo A. Deloire

56 « T » training system Photos A. Deloire, 2010

57 « T » training system

58

59 Yield (Ton/ha) per district

60 Industry Average Orange River Olifants River Klein Karoo BreedekloofWorcesterRobertsonPaarlStellenboschMalmesbury Ton / ha 15.623.824.719.519.018.915.610.67.77.3 R / ton 1,7091,1041,1091,3111,3191,3711,6202,2284,1432,383 Total production cost - R/ton (2009 - harvest) Gert van Wyk (Vinpro)

61 Régions : assemblage de « districts » CoastalBoberg Breede River Valley Olifant River Klein Karoo Districts: unité géographique (ex. Paarl de la région de Boberg) Ward: unité homogène (ensemble de Parcelles: « quartier »). Estate: nom des domaines

62 Thank you for your attention Baie dankie Merci « Share your knowledge. It is a way to achieve immortality » Dalai Lama, 2009