Demographic Pressure and Institutional Change: Village-Level Response to Rural Population Growth in Burkina Faso Margaret S. McMillan, William A. Masters,

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1 Demographic Pressure and Institutional Change: Village-Level Response to Rural Population Growth in Burkina Faso Margaret S. McMillan, William A. Masters, Harounan Kazianga

2 Background and Motivation

3 Motivation We know that institutions matter for economic outcomes Little evidence on the determinants of institutions According to Boserup – population pressure leads to institutional and technical change Demographic shifts in Africa could help to explain past outcomes and help to predict future outcomes

4 Our Project Study links between population pressure and institutions in Burkina Faso Survey and census data exist for Burkina Faso for the period 1985–2006. The missing information is the information on institutions We designed a new survey to create a time series measure of institutional change

5 Why Burkina Faso? Well, not only is Harounan a great economist but he is also Burkinabe! Some great data are already available and some highly qualified statisticians are willing to work with us to collect the rest Burkina has experienced significant within country variation in demographic shifts due to the Onchoceriasis Control Programme (74-85) and the repatriation of Burkinabe from Cote dIvoire (99-02)

6 The Onchoceriasis Control Programme

7 Foreign Population in CIV in 1998

8 Data

9 Collaborators on field work Collaborators: Direction Generale des Statistiques et des Previsions Agricoles Permanent Agricultural Survey: farm households level survey: 1993-2006 Sample+sample weights to get village level population

10 Data: Existing Survey Nationally representative surveys Village-level panel (same villages surveyed over the 14 years) Data: – Household characteristics – Household agricultural production – Land conservation

11 Survey: Planned Village Survey Village level survey (700 villages) starting in April 2009 Village population from census data (1975, 1985, 1996 and 2006) – Population size – Population composition (age and gender) Current population composition – By ethnicity – By migration status

12 Village Population Two sources to calculate village population growth – From household surveys (sample size+sample weights) – From census data Number of migrants returning from Cote dIvoire: – Taken from village surveys

13 Construction of Time-Varying Measures for Institutions and Infrastructure Ask respondents to characterize: – the situation now and when it was established; – the previous situation and when it was established; – …and so forth back to 1985 Use responses to construct annual time series – Variables may be categorical (e.g. able to sell land?) or continuous (e.g. distance to nearest bus or bush taxi stop) Group variables into types of institutions/infrastructures: – Roads – Services – Land tenure – Etc.

14 Examples of Types of Infrastructures Road Access (= average of…) – 5B. Route passable par car ou camion toute lannée – 5C. Route passable par car ou camion saisonnière – 5D. Arrêt dautocar/taxi brousse rural Services Access – 5A. Représentant de ladministration centrale (pour les registres des naissances) – 5E. Bureau des Caisses populaires – 5F. Localité la plus proche avec électricité – 5G. Localité la plus proche ou il y a le téléphone fixe

15 Examples of Types of Institutions Land Tenure (selected) – 8A. Type de droit appliquée pour les terres de culture: – 8B. Location, vente et prêts de terres de culture: – 8C. Est-ce quil y a des terres de culture qui ont étés louées ? – 8D. Est-ce quil y a des terres de culture qui ont étés vendus ? – 8E. Est-ce quil y a des terres de culture qui ont étés prêtées ? – 8F. A qui devrait-on demander permission pour louer ses terres? Markets – 6A. Fréquences des marchés: – 6B. Type de source pour accès a leau dans le marché – 6C. Hangars dans le marché – 6D. Accès à lélectricité dans le marché – 6E. Frais (niveau des taxes de marché) – 6F. Autres restrictions daccès au marché

16 Draft Questionnaire: Sample Questions 8A. Type de droit appliquée pour les terres de culture: Type de droit appliquée Date de début dapplication (1=oui, 0=non)(année) 8A1. Propriété individuelle : ____ ______ 8A2. Propriété collective-familiale: ____ ______ 8A3. Propriété collective-lignagère: ____ ______ 8A4. Propriété collective-communautaire: ____ ______ 8B. Location, vente et prêts de terres de culture: Possibilité de transactionDate (1=oui, 0=non)(année) 8B1. Est-ce que la terre peut-être louée : ____ si oui, depuis quand ______ 8B2. Est-ce que la terre peut-être vendue : ____ si oui, depuis quand ______ 8B3. Est-ce que la terre peut-être prêtée : ____ si oui, depuis quand ______

17 Empirical Strategy

18 Empirical framework Main regression: – Where: i is institution P is population X is a vector of control variables village level fixed effects error term j indexes villages, k indexes institutions, and t indexes time (1985, 1996, 2006)

19 Empirical framework Sources of endogeneity and identification strategies: – i. Correlations between unobservable village characteristics and Population: Our village-fixed effects already control for time-invariant village characteristics How about time-varying village characteristics not included in X (e.g. a village had a birth control program for sometime?)

20 Empirical framework Sources of endogeneity and identification strategies: – ii. Unobserved variables driving both institutional changes and population growth : Use instrumental variables which are correlated with population but not institutions (restrict sample to 1996 and 2006): – Returnees from Cote dIvoire (caused by the civil war between 2000 and 2002) – Population below 15 in 1985 for population momentum – Inflows of migrants due to the eradication of river blindness (note that villages with government sponsored settlements may have started with different institutions) – Distance to railroad