Hervé Rey, René Lecoustre, Sébastien Griffon,

Encoding Modelling Observations Simulation Visualization Architecture model Evaluation Architectural Analysis Image processing Applications 2 Jourdan Rey 1995

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5 Palm Trees : Carl Linnaeus ( ) named them « PRINCIPES » « Princes » of vegetal world, Thanks to their royal look. Palm Trees : Carl Linnaeus ( ) named them « PRINCIPES » « Princes » of vegetal world, Thanks to their royal look.

6 CaracteristicsDate PalmOil PalmCoconut Palm Tree Number in world Production Fruit (T) in world Production Oil (T) In world Planted Area (Ha) In world Av. Tree nb / Ha Av. fruit Yield (Kg/Tree/year) 40 (40–400)132 ( )50 Av fruit Yield (T/Ha) 4 (4-40)18 (15-30)5.2 Av. Oil Yield (Kg/Tree) -26 (20-40)5 Av. Oil Yield (T/Ha) -3.5 (3-10)0.3 – 0.5 Extraction rate Oil / Fruit (%) -20 (20-35)60-70 (coprah)

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De Granville, 2014

Stem Rachis Petiol Frond Frond Nervure LeafletsPinnae_2 SpinesPinnae_1 Stump 21

Inflorescences Bract Peduncle Spikelet Date Stalk 22 rachis Steril zone Fertil zone

Frond Stem (Stipe) Frond Nervure Rachis Petiol Thorns LeafletsPinnae_2 Stump 23

Male Inflorescence Female Inflorescence Peduncle Spikelets Fruits Bunches Stalk 24

Frond Stem (Stipe) Frond Nervure LeafletsPinnae_2 Rachis Petiol Bract 25

Peduncle Coconut Spikelet Male Flowers Stalk Bract (spathe for palms) rachis 26

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37 Plot PalmTree /

38 Plot PalmTree / Stem Inflorescence Stalk Inflorescence Stalk Frond Nervure Frond Nervure Stump Spear /

39 Plot PalmTree / Stem Inflorescence Stalk Inflorescence Stalk Frond Nervure Frond Nervure Stump Spear Bract Pinnae_i Spikelet Male Flower Male Flower Female Flower (Fruit) Female Flower (Fruit) Internode / /

40 Plot PalmTree / Stem Inflorescence Stalk Inflorescence Stalk Frond Nervure Frond Nervure Stump Spear Bract Pinnae_i Spikelet Male Flower Male Flower Female Flower (Fruit) Female Flower (Fruit) Internode Geometrical elements for simulation & visualisation / / / //

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Stem bears : SpearsFrondsInflorescencesStumps 43

44 Frond-Nervure bears pinnaes

45 Stalk bears Spikelets

46 Spikelets bears Flowers / Fruits

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48 Plot PalmTree / Stem Inflorescence Stalk Inflorescence Stalk Frond Nervure Frond Nervure Stump Spear Bract Pinnae_i Spikelet Male Flower Male Flower Female Flower (Fruit) Female Flower (Fruit) Internode Geometrical elements for simulation & visualisation / / /

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52 Pinnae Elements

53 Stalk Elements

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55 Plot PalmTree / Stem Inflorescence Stalk Inflorescence Stalk Frond Nervure Frond Nervure Stump Spear Bract Pinnae_i Spikelet Male Flower Male Flower Female Flower (Fruit) Female Flower (Fruit) Internode Geometrical elements for simulation & visualisation / / / < <

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59 X values come from gradients Y values are observed parameters values Control points (X, Y)

60 X values Y values Piecewise functions

61 Parameters evolve according to plant development (phytomer number increase)

62 Gradients are indexed on position along stipe Gradients are indexed on position along stipe Example : Internode length 1

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64 Parameters evolve according to time (phytomer number increase) Gradients are indexed one time expressed in phyllochroneGradients are indexed one time expressed in phyllochrone Example : Frond lengthening

65 Example : stipe diameter increase

66 Stipe diameter Increase Example :

67 Example : Frond axial insertion angle evolution

68 Frond axial insertion angle Evolution

Gradients are indexed on relative length position of organ on its bearer Gradients are indexed on relative length position of organ on its bearer 69 Example : Pinnae length

70 Example : Spikelet length

71 Pinnaelength Lengthening Example : PositionBearer

Gradients are indexed on relative length position of organ element Gradients are indexed on relative length position of organ element 72 Pinnae elements Example : Pinnae width

73 Control points are relative length position (% of total length) of organ itself Control points are relative length position (% of total length) of organ itself Example : Stalk width

74 Pinnaewidth PositionElement Example : PositionBearer

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