Gains from trade Principle # 5: Trades improve the well-being of all.

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Transcription de la présentation:

Gains from trade Principle # 5: Trades improve the well-being of all

2 Canadian fable : the farmer and the stockbreeder Farmer –Ressources: land, equipment, time –Produces potatoes and meat Stockbreeder - Ressources: land, equipment, time –Produces potatoes and meat They have similar resources in appearance, but they will not necessarily have the same results …

Production possibilities Tab. 3.1 Quantities produced in 1 h Quantities produced in 8 h MeatPatatoes Meat (kg) Patatoes (kg) Farmer 1 (1 kg in 1 hour) 4 (1 kg in 15 minutes) 832 Stockbreeder 3 (1 kg in 20 minutes) 6 (1 kg in 20 minutes) 2448

Who’s the best? The stockbreeder is more productive than the farmer in the production of potatoes and meat. Should they still do business? 4

5 the farmer and the stockbreeder in autarky Suppose that… Farmer –Allocates its resources half and half between potatoes and meat –Produces 16 kg of potatoes and 4 kg of meat Stockbreeder –Allocates its resources half and half between potatoes and meat –Produces 24 kg of potatoes and 12 kg of meat

CPP of the farmer CPP of the stockbreeder patatoes meat Consumption without trade Fig. 3.1 CPP: curve of the possibilities of production

7 They are allowed to specialize … Farmer –He specializes 100% in the production of potatoes –He produces 32 kg of potatoes and 0 kg of meat Stockbreeder –He specializes in meat production by devoting six hours per day (He spends the other two hours to potatoes) –He produces 12 kg of potatoes and 18 kg of meat

and to trade The proposed exchange should ideally improve the standard of living of both partners (it should at least not decrease the standard of living of any one of the traders). The standard of living is represented in the model by their consumption of meat and potatoes. 8

9 An example of exchange where both partners are winning: Farmer –Gives 15 kg of potatoes in exchange for 5 kg of meat –Consumes 17 kg of potatoes and 5 kg of meat Stockbreeder –Gives 5 kg of meat against in exchange for 15 kg of potatoes –Consumes 27 kg of potatoes and 13 kg of meat

4 12 patatoes meat Consumption with trade Fig. 3.2 CPP of the farmer CPP of the stockbreeder

11 Effects of specialization Without trade With trade Production and consumption ProductionConsumption Gains Farmer 4 kg M0 kg M5 kg M1 kg M 16 kg P32 kg P17 kg P1 kg P Stockbreeder 12 kg M18 kg M13 kg M1 kg M 24 kg P12 kg P27 kg P3 kg P

12 The concept of absolute advantage Adam Smith ( ) Farmer –Produces 32 kg of potatoes per day –Produces 8 kg of meat per day Stockbreeder –Produces 48 kg of potatoes per day –Produces 24 kg of meat per day

13 In our example Farmer –Less efficient than the stockbreeder in potatoes and meat –No absolute advantage Stockbreeder –More effecient than the farmer in potatoes and meat –Holds two absolute advantages –In simple terms, the absolute advantage is awarded to the best producer of a good.

14 The concept of comparative advantages... David Ricardo ( ) First, we must calculate the opportunity costs of each agent: Farmer –Producing 1 kg of potatoes cost him (1/4) 1/4 kg of meat –Producing 1 kg of meat cost him (4/1) 4 kg of potatoes Stockbreeder –Producing 1 kg of potatoes cost him (3/6) ½ kg of meat –Producing 1 kg of meat cost him (6/3) 2 kg of potatoes

15 In our example Fermier –Il a le CR le plus faible pour les patates –Détient un avantage comparatif dans les patates Éleveur –Il a le CR le plus faible pour la viande –Détient un avantage comparatif dans la viande L’avantage comparatif est attribué à celui qui a le coût de renonciation le plus bas.

16 Spécialisation et avantage comparatif Le fermier se spécialise dans les patates car il détient un avantage comparatif dans la production de ce bien L’inverse est vrai pour l’éleveur Chacun se spécialise dans le domaine où il détient l’avantage comparatif. N.B.: aucun des deux ne détient un double avantage comparatif.

17 Faire un échange acceptable Personnes ne veut vendre moins cher que le coût de production. Produire 1 kg de patates coûte ¼ de kg de viande au fermier, il voudra donc au minimum cette quantité de viande contre son kg de patates. Produire 1 kg de viande coute 2 kg de patates à l’éleveur, il voudra donc au minimum cette quantité de patates contre son kg de viande.

Faire un échange acceptable Personne ne veut payer trop cher… Si le fermier la produisait lui-même, 1 kg de viande, lui couterait 4 kg de patates. Il ne voudra donc pas payer plus cher sa viande. (Sinon, il va la produire lui-même…) L’éleveur produit 1 kg de patates à un coût de ½ kg de viande, il ne voudra donc pas payer plus cher pour ses patates additionnelles. 18

Plusieurs échanges sont possibles… En tenant compte des coûts de renonciation, on peut donc établir des intervalles d’échange qui seront acceptables (gagnants) pour les deux partenaires. 19

20 Les termes de l’échange… 2 Kg de patates < 1 Kg de viande < 4 kg de patates Autrement dit, 1 kg de viande vaut entre 2 et 4 kg de patates. ¼ Kg de viande < 1 kg de patates < 1/2 kg de viande Autrement dit, 1 kg de patates vaut entre ¼ de kg de viande et ½ kg de viande. Tous les échanges qui respectent ces intervalles sont acceptables pour les deux partenaires d’échange.

Dans notre exemple… Le fermier donne 15 kg de patates en échange de 5 kg de viande. En simplifiant les chiffres, on obtient que le prix d’un kg de viande est de 3 kg de patates. 3 étant plus grand que 2 mais plus petit que 4, l’échange est automatiquement acceptable pour les deux partenaires. Et vice versa… 21