Alain Deloire Department of Viticulture and Oenology Stellenbosch University The South African viticulture An overview Bezier, 9 December 2010

Latitude Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean South Africa lies at the southern tip of Africa between 22°S and 35°S Africa SOUTH AFRICA LESOTHO SWAZILAND MOZAMBIC NAMIBIA BOTSWANA Indian Ocean Atlantic Ocean Cape Town 35°S 20°E 25°S 30°S 28°S 34°S 20°E18°E Northern Cape VREDENDAL. Western Cape CAPE TOWN.. ROBERTSON. AGULHA S Orange River Lower Orange. UPINGTON

Photos, A. Deloire La côte Ouest Vignobles à Stellenbosch Vignobles, Swartland (Malmesbury) (L’Ormarins) Photos A. Deloire Paysages d’Hermanus – Végétation de type Fynbos

- Stellenbosch (17117 h.) ; - Paarl (16673 h.) ; - Malmesbury (14448 h.) ; - Roberston (13994 h.) ; - Breedekloof (12427 h.) ; - Olifants River (9964 h.) ; - Worcester (8658 h.) ; - Orange River (5075 h.) - et Klein Karoo (2904 h.). La surface totale du vignoble hors raisin de table est estimée à h. La surface plantée en raisin de table (incluant la production de jus de raisin et de raisin sec) est estimée à h. (SAWIS,

Bonnardot

Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Cas CaCa Cas : temperate humid with cool winter and summer drought and meanT of warmest month > 22°C Bs Bs : semi-arid Bw Bw : arid Köppen type of climate for the weather stations in the wine regions Cbs Cbs : temperate humid with cool winter and summer drought and meanT of warmest month < 22°C

Les cultivars blancs et noirs représentent respectivement 56.2% et 43.8% de la production. Les principaux cépages blancs sont: - Chenin blanc (18.4%); - Colombar (11.8%) ; - Sauvignon blanc (9.3%) ; - Chardonnay (8.3%) ; - Muscat d’Alexandrie (2.2%) ; - Sémillon (1.2%) ; - Crouchen (Cape Riesling, 0.7%) ; - Weisser Riesling (0.2%) - et autres (Viognier, Gewürztraminer, … ; 4.1%).

Les principaux cépages rouges sont: - Cabernet Sauvignon (12.3%) ; - Syrah (9.9%) ; - Merlot (6.5%) ; - Pinotage (croisement Cinsaut x Pinot noir ; 6%) ; - Ruby Cabernet (2.3%) ; - Cinsaut (2.1%) ; - Cabernet franc (1%) ; - Pinot noir (0.8%) ; - autres (Grenache noir, Carignan, Tempranillo, Barbera, … ; 2.9%).

e.g. Stellenbosch meso-climate Topography, slope, aspect, proximity to the sea result in LOCAL AIR CIRCULATION near the coastline V. Bonnardot

Sea and land breeze circulations Sea breeze circulation Land breeze circulation V. Bonnardot

18 Feb Sea breeze effect on temperature Time Temperature (°C) Distance (km) from False Bay or Table Bay Hourly temperature 18 Feb 2000 recorded in the vineyards V. Bonnardot

Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean

The four climate classes according to the fresh night index (°C) are: Warm night: FNI 1 > 18 Temperate night: FNI 2 = > 14  18 Cool night: FNI 3 = > 12  14 Very cool night: FNI 4 =  12 Tonietto and Carbonneau, 2004 Fresh night index (FNI) is the average of the minimum temperature one month before harvest or during the ripening period.

MONTHLY MINIMUM TEMPERATURE OVER DECEMBER-MARCH ( ) Cool night: FNI 3 = > 12  14 Warm night: FNI 1 > 18 Temperate night: FNI 2 = > 14  18 Deloire & Bonnardot, 2009

MONTHLY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE OVER DECEMBER-MARCH ( ) Deloire & Bonnardot, 2009

2.5 m. 1.2 m. 0.7 m.

Epaisseur de la végétation sur sol vigoureux

Smart - Dyson

Pinotage en Gobelet

Annual rainfall : 1064 mm winter : 524 mm summer : 88 mm Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean V. Bonnardot

Cape point Vineyard

Espalier: Cape point Vineyard

Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Malmesbury : Swartland

Malmesbury : Swartland, l’Ormarins

Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Malmesbury: North

Atlantic Ocean Malmesbury: North

Réserve d’eau pour irrigation Malmesbury: North

Annual rainfall : 736 mm winter : 328 mm summer : 67 mm Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean V. Bonnardot

Stellenbosch

Atlantic Ocean Stellenbosch

Atlantic Ocean Stellenbosch

Tourisme et vin

Annual rainfall : 778 mm winter : 377 mm summer : 68 mm Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean V. Bonnardot

Paarl Photo A. Deloire

Paarl (l’Ormarins)

Annual rainfall : 277 mm winter : 98 mm summer : 43 mm Eastern margin of the winter rainfall zone Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean

BreedeRiver Valley

Robertson

Annual rainfall : 250 mm winter : 42 mm summer : 208 mm Convectional showers in summer & autumn Northern Cape Western Cape Orange River Lower Orange. UPINGTON

“gable” ou “toit incline”

Upington (à 800 km environ de Stellenbosch, vers le Sud) Production de raisin de table et raisin sec… Photo A. Deloire

« T » training system Photos A. Deloire, 2010

« T » training system

Yield (Ton/ha) per district

Industry Average Orange River Olifants River Klein Karoo BreedekloofWorcesterRobertsonPaarlStellenboschMalmesbury Ton / ha R / ton 1,7091,1041,1091,3111,3191,3711,6202,2284,1432,383 Total production cost - R/ton ( harvest) Gert van Wyk (Vinpro)

Régions : assemblage de « districts » CoastalBoberg Breede River Valley Olifant River Klein Karoo Districts: unité géographique (ex. Paarl de la région de Boberg) Ward: unité homogène (ensemble de Parcelles: « quartier »). Estate: nom des domaines

Thank you for your attention Baie dankie Merci « Share your knowledge. It is a way to achieve immortality » Dalai Lama, 2009