Prise en charge initiale d’un traumatisme crânien grave Nouveautés TC et ACSOS B. Vigué DAR Bicêtre Avril 17.

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Transcription de la présentation:

Prise en charge initiale d’un traumatisme crânien grave Nouveautés TC et ACSOS B. Vigué DAR Bicêtre Avril 17

Modèle de TC chez le rat

TC seul vs TC + Hypoxie-Hypotension

Effet de l’hypoxie-hypotension après traumatisme TC isolé TC-HH PIC (mmHg) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 # * PAM (mmHg) 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 30 45 75 90 105 135 150 165 180 # * temps (min) -0,6 -0,5 -0,4 -0,3 -0,2 -0,1 0,1 # * 90 60 75 105 120 135 150 165 180 DSCL (²%) Ract, J Neurotrauma,2001 temps (min) 14 14 14 14

Amélioration du pronostic vital et fonctionnel Comment ? meilleure compréhension de la physiopathologie : => rôle de l’ischémie +++ 90% de lésions ischémiques (Graham 1989) Bas DSC chez 40% des patients (Bouma 1992) Hypotension préhospitalière : mortalité x2 (Chesnut, 1993) Influence hypotension, hypoxie, hyperthermie (Jones 1994) hypotension, hypoxie, hyperthermie 3 3 3 3 3

Pré-hospitalier PAM SaO2 Température EtCO2 Lésions associées 5 5 5 5

Contrôle de la PAM (PAS>110mmHg) Le pré-hospitalier Contrôle de la ventilation et de la circulation VVP Intubation oro-trachéale Crash induction (étomidate, célocurine) Alignement sans traction Auscultation, EtCO2, SaO2 Contrôle de la PAM (PAS>110mmHg)

Modifications des PAS, PAM et SaO2 pendant le transport Cas détectés dès la prise en charge SAMU Cas réfractaires jusqu’à l’arrivée 120 Nouveaux cas pendant le transport 100 80 60 Nombre de patients 40 20 PAS<90mmHg PAM<80mmHg SaO 2 <90%

Feuille pré-hosp 90

Meilleur contrôle de la PAM Titration de la sédation Préparer le relai Catécholamines plus rapide: phenyléphrine & noradrénaline continue Hémodilution dangereuse PAS > 110 mmHg

Mydriase aréactives 13-14 9-12 6-8 3-5 3 M+ GCS Nomre de patients 20 40 60 80 100 120 GCS à l’arrivée à l’hôpital GCS à la prise en charge Apparition de mydriases aréactives pendant le transport

Mydriase = Osmothérapie Pas d’utilisation chronique si mydriase(s) +++ ou aggravation neurologique sans aggravation de l’hémodynamique périphérique 5 milliosmoles = 95 mmHg Durée 3-4h Pas d’utilisation chronique

Les problèmes : Le temps d’arrivée à l’hôpital L’organisation de l’arrivée Les décès des premières heures (65%) Le respect des recommandations

Meilleur contrôle de la PAM (PAS>110mmHg) Mydriase = Mannitol Meilleur contrôle de la PAM (PAS>110mmHg) 1 gramme de traitement pendant l’accueil vaut des Kilos de traitements en réanimation Titration de la sédation Catécholamines plus rapide Hémodilution dangeureuse

Traumatisé crânien = Traumatisé comme un autre A l’arrivée à l’hôpital Traumatisé crânien = Traumatisé comme un autre

Contrôle ventilatoire Contrôle circulatoire Prise en charge lieu spécifique, transmission, clinique, KT artère et bio Rx Thorax et Bassin Echo Abdo (+ plèvres, cœur etc...)

Contrôle circulatoire Pas de SCAN direct RATE avant SCAN

De la rue à l’hôpital (2002) 5-6 heures !!! 2-3 heures !!! 15’ 60’ 90’ 150±50’ De l’hôpital à la PIC DTC ! Ouf ! 200’ 50’ 90’ 60’

Le Doppler transcrânien Vs Vm Vd IP = (Vs-Vd) / Vm Artère cérébrale moyenne

α Vmesurée = Vréelle x cos α Index de Pulsatilité IP = (Vs - Vd) / Vm I will only quickly sumerize theory of TCD You known that to describe the curve of cerebral Doppler, we use 4 parameters. The first 3 are : the pic systolic velocity (Vs), the end-diastolic velocity (Vd) and, the mean velocity Vm (area under the curve) The measured velocity is the real velocity time cos of the insonation angle a. Cos a varie from 1 when the angle is 0 to 0 when the angle is 90 degre. This mean that the real velocity can only be underestimate not overestimate. the last parameter is pulsatility index (PI) witch is a ratio between pulse velocity and mean velocity and independant of the insonation angle. Index de Pulsatilité IP = (Vs - Vd) / Vm = (Vsr - Vdr) cos α / Vmr x cos α 20

Ducrocq, J Neurological Science 1998 Probably the best illustration of TCD modifications during low flow is the monitoring of brain dead patients. As the cerebral blood flow decreases, the diastolic velocity decreases with no or small changes in systolic velocity, until a zero diastole. Then, there is a biphasic flow, with negative diastolic velocities, that is a no-flow state, blood is only oscillating in cerebral arteries. And then only systolic spikes, decreasing with time. Ducrocq, J Neurological Science 1998 (Consensus opinion TCD/brain death) 21 21

DTC avec l’écho à l’arrivée We adapt this technics we use in Neuro ICU to the patient arrival and test TCD as a tool for low cerebral flow (emergency resuscitation) In our unit, we have particularly worked (or focused) on the usefulness of TCD upon admission of trauma patients. We use TCD at this early stage to identify patients with impaired cerebral blood flow and to guide treatment, level of mean arterial pressure, use of mannitol, before CT scan and availability of invasive cerebral monitoring; and I would like to share this experience with you. 22

Marseille - Bicêtre, n=150 (délais : 180±100 min vs 150±50 min) 200 - 160 - 120 - 80 - 40 - 0 - -40 - n=80 (53%) IP Nl n=27 (18%) IP>1,4 et Vd Nle n=42 (28%) IP>1,4 et Vd<20 21 4 2 DCD 88±21 83±15 84±15 PAM

DTC ! De la rue à l’hôpital (2002) 5-6 heures !!! 1 heure !!! 15’ 60’ 90’ 150’ De l’hôpital à la PIC DTC ! Ouf ! 200’ 50’ 90’ 60’

Vd IP DTC et triage Tazarourte, Acta Scandi Anaest 2011 Rue Admission We have made the first TCD after medical treatment on fild after stabilisation and the second one at admission. The thresholds were the same. As you see in the slide, PI was high in half of the patients (9 patients on 18 patients) All patients with high PI had low Vd. Mannitol have been administred very quickly and corrected TCD in 5 patients. The 4 others died rapidely after admission. TCD could be a usefull tool before admission for emergency treatment but also for triage It is obvious that patient at risk need neurotrauma centers. Rue Admission IP Rue Admission Tazarourte, Acta Scandi Anaest 2011 23 23 25 23

Nous proposons : PI < 1.4 Trauma DTC intégré à la FAST echo Vd > 20 cm/s Augmenter PAM, Hb, PaCO2 Patient à suivre +++ IP > 1.4 & Vd ≤ 20 cm/s In conclusion we propose to integrate TCD with the "fast echo" at arrival before CT scan. If the TCD is normal, we are reassured, we look after all others potentials injuries. if the TCD is abnormal we treat quickly (usely with mannitol and of corse norepinephrine if MAP is low) and we go in a hurry to Ct Scan. If the TCD is intermediate we have to adapt treatment to correct TCD. Increase MAP incrase Hb if needed, control paCO2 and of course control the TCD again Augmenter PAM Mannitol / SSH Scanner / Neurochir 26

En 2005-07 ; PariS-TBI ; n=504 Incidence Annuelle : 3/100000 101 (19%) 61 (11%) 56 (10%) 25 (5%) 67 (12%) 50 (9%) 117 (22%) H Incidence Annuelle : 3/100000 Place des traumatismes (n=504) et place des hôpitaux spécialisés (n=6)

Résultats Les différents paramètres analyse univariée… Est significatif (mortalité des 6 premiers jours): Age>40, GCS=3, Mydriase aréactive (uni and bi), hypotension, Choc hypovolémique, centres spécialisés, avoir une PIC N’est pas significatif Sexe, délai d’arrivée, lieu de l’accident (grande vs petite couronne), temperature, trauma associé, SpO2 initiale , PaCO2 initiale, [Hb], osmothérapie,

Score de propension centré sur la PIC (PariS-TBI)

PIC & Age Age (Ans) 18-30 30-45 45-60 60-75 >75 Nombre de patients 178 117 100 56 50 20 40 60 80 120 140 160 180 200 18-30 30-45 45-60 60-75 >75 Nombre de patients Patients (n) Décès (n) PIC (n) 58% 55% 44% 36% 8% % PIC 28% 27% 40% 48% 70% % Décès Age (Ans)

Le respect des RPC en milieu hospitalier Conclusion (1/2) Le respect des RPC en milieu hospitalier Services avec RPC (≥ 50% de respect des règles) vs services sans RPC 25% Bulger, CCM, 2002

Avoir la Gnaque, ça compte !!! Conclusion (2/2) Temps Hypoxie, Hypotension, Hyperthermie Contrôle de la PAM et Osmolarité Réflexion autour des moyens de surveillance à l’arrivée : PAM, DTC, PIC ... Avoir la Gnaque, ça compte !!! 2 2 2 2