Some observations on big December 2004 Sumatra earthquake Dominique Reymond CEA/DASE/LDG Laboratoire de Géophysique French Polynesia.

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Transcription de la présentation:

Some observations on big December 2004 Sumatra earthquake Dominique Reymond CEA/DASE/LDG Laboratoire de Géophysique French Polynesia

Evolution of the warning : the magnitude is progressively reviewed increasingly H0 : 00:58 TU decembre Detection TREMORS_PPT (Phase Pdiff) 26 dec 01:13 H0 + 00:15’ Bulletin of PTWC – Mw = dec 01:14 H0 + 00:16’ Warning TREMORS_PPT (Phase SP) 26 dec 01:27 H0 + 00:29’ Bulletin of PTWC – Mw = dec 02:08 H0 + 01:10 Analysis of Rayleigh_PPT - Mw = dec 02:38 H0 + 01:38 Message from PPT - Mw = dec 02:44 H0 + 01:44 CMT Harvard - Mw = dec 05:30 H0 + 04:30 revised CMT Harvard revised - Mw = dec 20:00 H0 + 19h Information NEIC – Mw = dec ~23h H0 + 22h Bulletin from PTWC – Mw = dec 05:36 H0 + 25h MT PDFM_PPT– Mw = dec 01:50 H0 + 27h Study of eigen modes of Earth– Mw = 9.3 (02 fev 2005, Emile Okal & Seth Stein)

Mw is obtained from Mm (Mantle magnitude) Mm = log X(  ) + Cd + Cs – 3.9 (100% theoretical) –X(  ) spectral amplitude at pulsation  –Cd : distance correction, –Cs source correction – Talandier, Okal, Reymond, 1987 Log Mo = Mm N.m Mw = 2/3 ( Log Mo – 9.0) Simple Calculated routinely in TREMORS Works at variable periode in [50s – 400s]

Mm vs azimuth 82 IRIS stations Average Mm 341s: 9.0 (Mw = 8.7) Average Mm 410s = ( Mw = 8.9) Azimuth of PPT 410s 341 s

Why is PPT magnitude so weak ? PPT FLN EVOP PPT FLNEVOP PPT Azimut ~107 ° Distance ~114° 1)It was in a node of radiation 2)it was computed at only 256s

Sumatra 26 dec 2005: Mm vs period Mm at each period is computed as the average Value of 82 stations.

The eigen modes of the Earth RER (La Réunion) ~ 36 hours of signal

Sumatra dec, 2004: why all classical methods have underestimated the seismic moment ? Mo N.m Average 82 stations Stein & Okal, 2005

The seismic moment increases toward VLF Mm-410s From Stein & Okal

Sumatra 26 décembre 2004: source, ray, and considered stations Diego Garcia, I52 (IMS) DGAR (IRIS)  =25.6 ° Az = 245°

Signal in displacement broad band [ s] Amp= µm = 8.38 cm ! DGAR, Az 245° Mm DGAR = 9.57 soit Mo =3.7 E 22 N.m Mm vs azimuth 82 stations IRIS

Seismic and infrasonic signal at Diego Garcia Seismic Signal Amplitude  12 mm/s Infrasonic signals Amplitudes : [4 – 4.5] Pa

Excitation of the atmospheric layer by Rayleigh waves transfert function: P(  ) =  c V(  ) P in Pa,  in kg/m 3, c et V in m/s Range of c air : c air  (  ) avec  = T °K, sous 1013 hPa (approximated formula from -20 à 40 °C, error < 0.2 %) Range of  *  25 °C : (90 % Hr ) <  < (20% Hr)  10 °C : (90 % Hr ) <  < (20% Hr) *  -10 °C : (90 % Hr ) <  < (20% Hr) Choosen value : c = 346 m/s ( 25°C),  = 1.24 kg/m 3 Thus V(  ) = P(  ) / 408 = P(  ) x m/s at 25 °C V(  ) = P(  ). en µm/s

The instrumental responses Station DGAR : sismo. STS 1 Cut_off frequency : Fc = 360 s = Hz Slope order 2 Station I52H* : microbaro mb2000 Cut_off frequency : Fc # 120 s = Hz Slope order 2

Elaboration of the same instrumental responses Process of DGAR : *high-pass 120 s order 2 *integrator with cutt-off period 200 s Process of I52 : * high-pass 200 s ordre 2 * compensator s order 2 * integrator with cutt-off period 200 s Identical response seismic – IF [ s]

Chagos: comparison between signal in displacement [ s] Ampl cm Ampl cm Ampl cm Ampl cm Ampl µm = 6.18 cm ! Average amplitude : 5.93 cm i.e. difference of 4 % sismic and IF

Conclusions Sumatra 26 dec 2004 was: Not only big, but slow. We observe a clear increase of energy toward VLP Infrasound signal allows to recover amplitude of signal in displacement with a good agreement. It can be useful in for saturated stations in near field for example. But the Signal/Noise ratio toward VLP can shutdown dramatically in case of a windy conditions.

END Thank you for your attention

Signaux de Mongolie: forts mais bruités ULN : STS1 (vitesse) IS34 ( assez bruité) Ampl: [7 – 8] Pa Ampl mm/s Avec Passe-Haut 200 s

Mongolie : signaux en déplacement: intégration jusqu’à 50 s Ampl:  7 cm Ampl: 5.8 cm Ampl: 5.5 cm Ampl: 6.8 cm Ampl: 6.9 cm

Mongolie: possibilité d’obtenir une magnitude Ms mais pas de calcul Mm Valeurs moyennes retenues : c = 325 m/s (à -10°C),  = 1.34 kg/m3 d ’où : V(  ) = P(  ) / = P(  ) x m/s (à -10 °C) soit V(  ) = P(  ). en µm/s Donc l’amplitude moyenne en vitesse obtenue avec les IS34 est: A vit = * 8 = µm/s (à comparer à µm/s sur ULN) De là on obtient la magnitude à 20 s de période: Ms =log 10 (A/T) log 10 (  ) +3.0 d’où avec une amplitude moyenne de 6.25 cm: Ms = Log 10 ( / 20 ) log 10 (  ) = 9.5

Conclusions Les variations de pressions atmosphériques induites par le passage des ondes de Rayleigh lors des très forts séismes sont bien observées sur les réseaux infrasons et permettent de remonter au déplacement vertical avec une bonne précision. Ces types de mesures sont surtout utiles dans le cas des très forts séismes, pour lesquels les enregistrements sismiques des ondes de Rayleigh sont saturés, car dépassant la dynamique de la chaîne sismique (ex. Chili 1960, Alaska 1964). La principale limitation des mesures utilisant les signaux IF est le bruit basse fréquence (et même sur toute la largeur du spectre) générés par le vent, ce qui ne permet pas toujours d’obtenir les mesures aux TBF.

Séismes géants et grands tsunamis trans-océaniques 1) Chili 22 Mai 1960, (Mw = 9.5, Mo >= 2.0 E23 N.m) 2) Sumatra 26 Dec (Mw = 9.3, Mo = 1.3 E23 N.m) **lent 3) Alaska 28 Mar 1964, (Mw = 9.2, Mo = 8.0 E22 N.m) 4) Aléoutiennes 4 Fev. 1965, (Mw = 8.7, Mo = 1.4 E22 N.m) 5) Sumatra 28 mar 2005, (Mw = 8.7, Mo = 1.0 E22 N.m) 6) Aléoutiennes 1er Av 1946, (Mw = 8.5, Mo = 8.0 E21 N.m) **lent

Sumatra: pourquoi toutes les méthodes classiques ont sous-estimé le moment sismique ? Moment sismique Mo en N.m

Signal in velocity at Chagos Signal sismique brut Amplitude  12 mm/s s ignal IF I52 Amplitudes :  [10.5 – 11.6] mm/s DGAR