Quelques notions à voir et revoir Collocations, préférence sémantique

« you shall judge a word by the company it keeps » Firth (1957): l’étude du sens par la collocation permet une approche formelle et contextuelle du sens qui s’oppose à une approche conceptuelle. Par exemple, l’un des sens de de nuit est le fait qu’il entre en collocation avec noire ou d’encre

Définition des fonctionnalistes Mots qui tendent à apparaître ensemble (Halliday & Hasan 1976:258): Laugh…joke, blade…sharp, garden..dig In general, any two lexical items having similar patterns of collocation – that is, tending to appear in similar contexts – will generate a cohesive force if they occur in adjacent sentences Mots qui tendent à apparaître ensemble de manière statistiquement pertinente (Sinclair 1991)

Cf « effect » en climatologie and it also has an important climatic effect in removing excess helium he, he erm had got this tremendously important erm effect one of the most important effects in low temperature physics, an active and important port, yet the overall effect was charming so on. It is important to the final effect that, whatever the mixture so on. It is important to the final effect that, whatever the mixture worthwhile and important debate on the nature and effect of. worthwhile and important debate on the nature and effect of. game and most important of all how it will effect fans is burning outer leaves are very important for the effect of the painting, outer leaves are very important for the effect of the painting, It's important to understand the effect that water hardness can It's important to understand the effect that water hardness can pounds. More important is the effect that dropping duty frees may

« effect » en fiction study (he is a doctor) and it has had a terrible effect on me. I Fanny. Whatever the reason, the effect was terrible. He The results of this mistake have a terrible effect on his whole and a bottle of rum! The effect on the pirates was terrible to. lacy bra straps spoilt the effect. "Terrible. Come here." With of his long ordeal has dearly had a terrible effect on him. apart in a terrible dissolution. As the effect of the acid slowly had a terrible effect on the hunt territory. We have a long narrow

Collocation, phraséologie, lexico-grammar domain (FOXO) transcription factors has recently been reported effects on X chromosome ratios have recently been reported ( Snijde in regulating tight junctions has recently been reported, and it was These expression data have recently been reported elsewhere. Brie Foxp3 expression, similar to what has recently been reported for IL- rationality in animals that have recently been reported in the literature with UO 2 nanoparticles. It has recently been reported that MtrC and obtained from annotated genomes. It has recently been reported that both normal and CCA-less tRNAs have recently been reported to activ in the folding module, Cns1p, has recently been reported to be in AHR identified svb targets, shavenoid, has recently been reported to i in the context of anergy [ 76 ], it has recently been reported to occur in

Collocation,phraséologie, lexico-grammaire Bob’s your uncle Tomber dans les pommes The early bird catches the worm L’avenir appartient à ceux qui se lèvent tôt Make a decision Prendre une décision

Collocation,phraséologie, lexico-grammaire n n It has previously been reported that the activity of a n n It has recently been recognised that many organisms n n It has recently been reported that MtrC and OmcA fo n n It has recently been reported that the connectivity n n It has recently been shown that the phage-encoded p n n It has recently been suggested that myoclonic twitches n n It has repeatedly been observed that the outcomes may depend

Collocation, phraséologie, lexico-grammaire the spread of the immune response in larvae ( Foley and O'Fa, influences the immune response in liver in two important ways: thoroughly characterized immune response in the fly is the hum and innate immune response to endotoxins. Because an inflammatory and innate immune response to endotoxins. We also play roles in the immune response to filarial infections the Toll receptor-dependent immune response to fungal infection currence of an innate immune response to gluten in celiac sprue required for the innate immune response to bacterial infection ( B-mediated innate immune response to microbial challenge, AP- serve in the innate immune response to microorganisms, our

Collocation Définition restrictive n Tendance qu’a un mot d’être associé avec un autre mot avec lequel il entretient une relation syntaxique n Il n’est pas nécessaire que les mots soient l’un à côté de l’autre: ils peuvent être séparés par d’autres éléments. En général, on cherche les collocats dans une fenêtre de 3 à 4 mots à gauche et à droite du nœud. Cf Violation

Collocats de « violation » Le mot « violation » dans le corpus LM94 entre en collocation avec les éléments suivants à droite: caractérisée, domicile, accord, Constitution, loi, droits, droit, règles, cessez-le-feu, secret, par, principe, flagrante, grave, répétée A gauche: cas, recel, en, grave, dénoncer, protester, invoquer, plainte, pour, constituer, commettre, s’agit

Préférence sémantique Le fait pour un mot d’être souvent associé à un ensemble de mots qui partagent des sèmes communs: - caractérisée, flagrante - accord, Constitution, loi, règles, droit, principe, cessez-le-feu - Dénoncer, protester, plainte

Collocation ou mot composé? Quelles sont, dans les collocations précédentes, les expressions qui pourraient être considérées comme des collocations?

Critères en lexicologie n Critère référentiel n Critère sémantique n Critères syntaxique Il n’est pas nécessaire que les trois critères se retrouvent pour un même mot, mais ils ne sont pas absolus non plus lorsqu’on travaille en terminologie.

Critère référentiel Le référent dans le monde doit être un référent unique. Cf. mot = signifiant/signifié  référent sac à main: le référent dans le monde est unique sac de ciment: deux référents filet à oranges  filet d’oranges

Critère sémantique Le sens du composé ne représente pas l’addition des sens séparés des composants: mariage blanc: sens global /= sens1 + sens2 mariage orthodoxe : sens global = sens1 + sens 2

Critères syntaxiques Transformations interdites  une violation grave = cette violation est grave, la gravité de cette violation  Un mariage blanc => *ce mariage est blanc, *la blancheur de ce mariage Insertions interdites  Pomme de la terre, pomme de belle terre, ?pomme de terre rouge, pomme de terre de Sienne

Terme Critères parfois inopérants: Nom-tête: éruption volcanique => Éruption effusive, éruption explosive