Introduction to philosophy Part 3. Problematization and conceptualization.

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Transcription de la présentation:

Introduction to philosophy Part 3. Problematization and conceptualization

A french philosopher, Gilles Deleuze wrote in 1991 a book with this title « What is philosophy? » According to him, philosophy fulfills two features : clarify the real, and creating concepts

To clarify the real, you need to understand what makes problem. And creating concept is making many definitions about some commons words. We will follow the english philospher ‘s work : John Locke who wants to understand what is the personal identity.

Nous allons donc procéder à un travail de conceptualisation, c’est-à-dire de définition de l’identité. Qu’est-ce que l’identité? C’est à la fois être toujours le même (identique à soi), et être différent des autres. Comment je peux construire une telle identité?

Tous les extraits en anglais viennent du même ouvrage de John Locke : An Essay concerning Human Understanding, 1694.

Read this text : « For since consciousness always accompanies thinking, and it is that, that makes every one to be, what he calls self; and thereby distinguishes himself from all other thinking things, […] and as far as this consciousness can be extended backwards to any past action or thought, so far reachs the identity of that person. »

Donc Locke base l’identité sur la conscience et la mémoire. Est-ce suffisant?

A new problem does exist « I say, in all these cases, our consiousness being interrupted, and we losing the sight of our past selves, doubts are raised whether we are the same thincking thing, i.e. the same substance or no. »

Commentaire du passage Donc la mémoire semble être à la fois le point fort de l’identité, et son point faible : c’est la naissance d’une problématisation, qui va permettre à John Locke d’approfondir son questionnement autour de l’identité. Comment être sûr d’être toujours la même personne, si je perds la mémoire?

And that is not the end… « But that which seems to make the difficulty is this, that this consciousness, being interrupted always by forgetfulness, there being no moment of our lives wherein we have the whole train of our past actions before our eyes in one view »

But the question of memory is not alone Il y a un autre problème : celui de la réincarnation : comment puis-je, si je crois à la réincarnation, être la même personne qu’auparavant, si j’ai changé de corps, et surtout si j’ai totalement oublié qui j’étais auparavant?

« I once met with [ a man], who was persuaded his had been the soul of Socrates […]. Would any one say, that he, being not conscious of any Socrates’ actions or thoughts, could be the same person with Socrates? »

Ce n’est pas uniquement une question d’identification à une autre personne. Cela pose en fait la question de la possibilité de l’immortalité de l’âme ou de l’esprit.

The last problem Dernière question abordée, celle de la responsabilité du sujet : Suis-je coupable d’actes dont je ne me souviens pas, parce je les ai fait inconsciemment?

« But is not a man drunk and sober the same person, why else is he punished for the fact he commits when he drank, though he be never afterwards conscious of it. »

La culpabilité d’un homme s’appuie sur la conscience qu’il a de ses propres actes. Il sera jugé sur des faits reconnus, mais s’il ne s’en souvient pas? Il va donc y avoir une différence à faire entre le sentiment de culpabilité (appelé la responsabilité), et la culpabilité à proprement dit.

« Because in these cases, humane laws cannot distinguish certainly what is real, what counterfeit; and so the ignorance in drunckenness or sleep is not admitted as a plea. »

Conclusion : Nous avons pu voir l’apparition d’un certain nombre de termes qui se raccrochent à la notion d’identité: The self Consciousness Responsibility Memory Try to make some definitions for all these words