F RÉDÉRIC B OUCHARD CAGS, St. John’s NL, Oct 2014 How to train students to find post-PhD opportunities

1.A single improved PhD or a two-track PhD? why the former may be morally better 2. The PhD is intended to train researchers. Some of them go on to become academics. NOT THE OTHER WAY AROUND 3. Teach all students about the research ecosystem and better knowledge mobilization skills. Presentation overview

1.A single improved PhD or a two-track PhD? why the former may be morally better We are all concerned about unmet student expectations, but it seems problematic to tell them they have misguided expectations AFTER they have pursued years of studies AND to ask them to segregate themselves based on job market expectations. We can however help them clarify what their expectations may really be So WHY should one pursue a PhD and what is it intended for?

2. The PhD is intended to train researchers. Some of them go on to become academics. NOT THE OTHER WAY AROUND Everyone (Students, Profs, Admin) should be reminded of this: We had professors BEFORE the invention of the PhD The PhD was created because industry and Universities wanted researchers

What has changed is the increasing need for interpreters/mediators of research results Very few professors tell their students about this…

3. Teach all students about the research ecosystem and better knowledge mobilization skills. The evolution of the Research Ecosystem in the last Century (mostly for Québec, but similar picture in the rest of the country)

FUNDING RESEARCH TRANSFER/MOBILIZATION National Research Council Canada Royal Society of Canada (1881); ACFAS (1923) UNIVERSITIES Gov. Labs Arts Council ©CIRST 2014

FUNDING RESEARCH TRANSFER/MOBILIZATION International Funding Agencies (NSF, NIH, ANR) Foundations Fonds de recherche du Québec NRC, NSERC, SSHRC CFI GOV Sectorial Industrial Research Consortia Entités de recherche universitaire Technology parks Industry University Tech Transfer services Transfer and Innovation Centers Social Innovation Orgs Business incubators Science Education Orgs Centres collégiaux de transfert de technologie Learned Societies Genome Canada Nano Québec Universités CIHR Gov. Labs CNRC ©CIRST Mitacs

Jobs for Researchers And research interpreters /mediators ©CIRST 2014 FINANCEMENT PRODUCTION TRANSFERT Organismes de financement internationaux (ANR, NSF, NIH) Fondations Fonds de recherche du Québec Conseils subventionnaires fédéraux (CRSNG, CRSH, IRSC) FCI Ministères et organismes gouvernementaux Centres de recherche et instituts publics Consortiums et centres de recherche privés Regroupements sectoriels de recherche industrielle Entités de recherche universitaire CNRC Parcs technologiques Entreprises Bureaux de liaisons entreprises-universités Québec international Centres de liaison et de transfert Organismes de transfert en innovation sociale Incubateurs d’entreprises technologiques Organismes de promotion de la science Centres collégiaux de transfert de technologie Sociétés savantes OST Génome Canada Nano Québec Universités MISC cities, museums, unions, professional associations, NGO, etc.

The knowledge economy is the cause and effect of the evolution of the research ecosystem And this evolution demands more Knowledge Mobilization Skills How to obtain these skills? -more internships -more partnership research -more writing and speaking exercices for diverse audiences and formats i.e. engage students with other research ecosystem actors (it almost doesn’t matter which ones…)

F RÉDÉRIC B OUCHARD CAGS, St. John’s NL, Oct 2014 Merci! FINANCEMENT PRODUCTION TRANSFERT Organismes de financement internationaux (ANR, NSF, NIH) Fondati ons Fonds de recherche du Québec Conseils subventionnaires fédéraux (CRSNG, CRSH, IRSC) FCI Ministères et organismes gouvernemen taux Centres de recherche et instituts publics Consortiums et centres de recherche privés Regroupements sectoriels de recherche industrielle Entités de recherche universitaire CN RC Parcs technologique s Entrepr ises Bureaux de liaisons entreprises- universités Québec international Centres de liaison et de transfert Organismes de transfert en innovation sociale Incubateurs d’entreprise s technologiq ues Organismes de promotion de la science Centres collégiaux de transfert de technologie Sociétés savantes OS T Génom e Canada Nano Québec Univer sités

Bibliographie Luc Chartrand, Raymond Duchesne et Yves Gingras, Histoire des sciences au Québec, Montréal, Boréal, 1987, 487 p. Yves Gingras, Les origines de la recherche scientifique au Canada, Montréal, Boréal, 1991, 299p. Fonds de recherche du Québec, Figure «Le Québec en recherche. Les acteurs», recherche/les-acteurs recherche/les-acteurs ©CIRST 2014 Chaire Ésope PHILOSOPHIE Université de Montréal